NURSING AS AN ART

CARING
LEARNING OUTCOMES
After completing the discussion, you will be able to:
1. Discuss the meaning that fc of caring.
2. Identify nursing theories that focus on caring.
3. Analyze the importance of different types of knowledge in
nursing.
4. Describe how nurses demonstrate caring in practice.
5. Evaluate the importance of self-care for the professional
nurse.
6. Identify the value of reflective practice in nursing.
Caring
 Caringis sharing a deep and genuine concern
about the welfare of another person.
 Caringis a dimension of human relating– art of
nursing
 Nursing cannot exist without caring
 Caringpractice involves connection, mutual
recognition, and involvement between nurse
and client
 To Care for another person is to help him
grow and actualize himself
- Milton Mayeroff (1990)

Caring is a process that develops overtime

deepening and transformation of relationship
 Major ingredients of Caring (Mayeroff)

1. KNOWING means understanding the other’s needs and

how to respond to these needs
2. ALTERNATING RHYTHMS signifies moving back and forth
between the immediate and long term meaning of
behaviour, considering the past
3. PATIENCE enables the other to grow in his own way and
time
4. HONESTY includes awareness and openness to ones own
feelings and genuineness in caring for the other
 Major ingredients of Caring (Mayeroff)

5. TRUST involves letting go, to allow the other to grow in

their own way in their own time
6. HUMILITY means acknowledging that there is always
more to learn, and that learning may come from many
source (akny –alam ko na yan)
7. HOPE is belief in the possibilities of the other’s growth.
8. COURAGE is the sense of going into the unknown,
informed by insight from past experience
Nursing Theories on Caring
CULTURE CARE DIVERSITY AND
UNIVERSALITY (LEININGER)
 Care is a distinct, dominant, unifying, and central focus
of nursing
 BASEDON THE ASSUMPTUION THAT NURSES MUST
UNDERSTAND DIFFERENT CULTURES IN ORDER TO
FUNCTION EFFECTIVELY.
 Transcultural nursing focuses on the differences and
similarities among individuals in diverse cultures
Nursing Theories on Caring

CULTURALLY CONGRUENT CARE - 3 action-decision

way approach:
1. preservation of client’s familiar lifeways
2. accommodation that help clients adapt to or
negotiate satisfying care
3. repatterning nursing care to help the client
move toward wellness
THEORY OF BUREAUCRATIC CARING

 FOCUSES on caring in organizations as

cultures
 Caring in nursing is contextual and
influenced by the organizational structure.

 Spiritual-
ethical influences aspect of the
bureaucratic system.
 Educational

Social_Cultural

Technological

Spiritual-
Ethical caring
Economic

Physical
Political

Legal
SPIRITUAL-ETHICAL CARING
• Treat people as having the capacity to make choices.
focuses on how the facilitation of choices for the good of
others can and should be accomplished

EDUCATIONAL
• Formal and informal educational programs, use of
audiovisual media to convey information, and other forms
of teaching and sharing information

PHYSICAL
• Physical state of being including biological and mental
patterns.
SOCIAL-CULTURAL
• Ethnicity and family structures; intimacy with friends and
family; communication; social interaction and support;
understanding interrelationships, involvement, intimacy

LEGAL
• Include responsibility and accountability, rules and
principles to guide behaviours

TECHNOLOGICAL
• Nonhuman resources-use of machinery to maintain the
physiological well-being of the patient.
ECONOMIC
• Includes money, budget, insurance systems, limitations,
and guidelines imposed by managed care organizations

POLITICAL
• Influence how nursing is viewed in healthcare and include
patterns of communication and decision making in the
organization.
 Nursing Theories on Caring

CARING, THE HUMAN MODE OF BEING (ROACH)

all individuals are caring, and develop their caring abilities by being true to self, being real, and being who they truly are.

6 Cs of Nursing
1. Compassion- awareness of one’s relationship to others, sharing their joys,
sorrows and pain and accomplishment. Participation in the experience of
another
2. Competence – having the knowledge, judgement, skills, energy, experience
and motivation required to respond adequately to the demands of one’s
professional responsibilities
3. Confidence – comfort with self, client and others that allows one to build
trusting relationship
 Nursing Theories on Caring

CARING, THE HUMAN MODE OF BEING (ROACH)

all individuals are caring, and develop their caring abilities by being true to self, being real, and being who they truly are.

6 Cs of Caring
4. Conscience – moral, ethics and an informed sense of right and wrong.
Awareness of personal responsibility
5. Commitment – the deliberate choice to act in accordance with one’s desires
as well as obligations, resulting in investment of self in a task or cause
6. Comportment- appropriate bearing, demeanor, dress and language that are
harmony with a caring presence. Presenting oneself as someone who respects
others and demands respect
Nursing Theories on Caring
 NURSING
AS CARING ( BOYKIN AND
SCHOENHOFER)
 Suggeststhat the purpose of the disciple and
profession of nursing is to know people and nurture
them as individuals living and growing in caring
 Respectfor people as caring individuals and respect
to what matters to them
 Emphasizes self awareness to nurse so that it can
authentically care for others
Nursing Theories on Caring
 THEORY OF HUMAN CARE (WATSON)
 Caring is the essence and the moral idea of nursing

Social and Ethical Responsibilities of Nurses in relation to Caring

1. The nurse must care for self in order to care for others
2. Nurses must remain committed to human care ideals
3. Cultivation of higher/deeper self and a higher consciousness leads to caring
4. Human care can only be demonstrated through interpersonal relationships
5. Honoring the connectedness of all (Unitary Consciousness) leads to
transpersonal caring-healing
6. Education and practice systems must be based on human values and concern for
the welfare of others
Nursing Theories on Caring

Theory of Caring (Swanson)

 Caring is a nurturing way of relating to a valued
“other”, toward whom one feels a personal
sense of commitment and responsibility

 The clients well being should be enhanced

through the caring of a nurse who understands
the common human response to a specific health
problem.
Nursing Theories on Caring
Theory of Caring (Swanson)
5 caring process
1. Knowing – striving to understand an event as it has meaning in the life of
the other
2. Being with – being emotionally present to the others
3. Doing for – doing for the other as he/she would do for the self if it were
possible
4. Enabling – facilitating the other’s passage through life transitions and
unfamiliar events
5. Maintaining Belief - sustaining faith in the other’s capacity to get
through an event or transition and face a future with meaning
Types of Knowledge in Nursing
 1. Emperical Knowing : the Science of Nursing ( Scientific
Competence)
 Evidence based practice
 Performance of activities supported by theories
 2. Personal Knowing: The Therapeutic Use of Self
 Self awareness
 3. Ethical Knowing: The moral Component
 Consider moral choices in treatment for themselves and the
patient
 4. Aesthetic Knowing: The art of Nursing
 Caring

 Form a sense’s of patients’ needs and act on their behalf

Caring Encounters: Caring Patterns

1. Knowing the Client

2. Nursing Presence
3. Empowering the client
4. Compassion
5. Competence
Maintaining Caring Practice

For you to be effective in caring for

the client,
you have to take care of yourself
first
Maintaining Caring Practice
Caring for the Self and others
1. Healthy Lifestyle
1. Nutrition
2. Activity and Exercise
3. Recreation
4. Avoiding Unhealthy Patterns
2. Mind- Body Therapies
1. Guided Imagery
2. Meditation
3. Story Telling
4. Music Therapy
5. Yoga