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(iii)
c
c
c
180
Vertically opposite angles
1.5 Triangles
(1) The sum of the angles in a triangle
is equal to 180 degrees.
A
c
P B
Proof: A Q
C B
Draw line PAQ parallel to CB.
QAB ABC (alternate angles)
PAC ACB (alternate angles)
Now 180 (angles in a straight line)
And this completes the proof.
(2) Exterior angle in a triangle equals
the sum of interior opposite angles.
Proof : A
D C B
DCA ACB 180 .........(1) ( angles on a straight line)
CAB ABC ACB 180 .....(2) (angles in a triangle)
from (1) and (2) we have
DCA ACB CAB ABC ACB
DCA CAB ABC
600 600
C B
1.6.2 In an equilateral triangle the
bisector of each angle bisects the
opposite side and is perpendicular to
it. 30 0
300
1.6.3 In an isosceles triangle two sides
are equal and their base angles are
equal. A
ACB ABC and AC AB
C B
1.6.4 In an isosceles triangle the
bisector of each of the base angles
intersects the opposite side at right
angles and divides it into two equal
halves. A
C B
1.6.5 In a right angled triangle, one
of the three angles is equal to 90
degrees and the side facing the right
angle is called the hypotenuse.
Hypotenuse
Right angle
1.6.7 In a right angled triangle the
square of the hypotenuse is equal to
the sum of the squares of the other
two sides (Pythagoras' theorem)
A
AC AB AC
2 2 2
B C
1.6.8 In any triangle the length of one
side is not grater than the sum of the
lengths of the other two sides. That is,
if ABC is a triangle AB AC BC .
Exercise 1.0 solve for the unknowns in
each of the following:
1.
300
1400
x 700
2. y
1500
za
3. 60 0
x y
0
92
z w
4.
0
92
150 70
5.
x
y
60
6. z 3x
120
w 60 x
7. 25
25
a 85 y
30 z
x
8
80
y
a
1.7 Similar Triangles
Two triangles are said to be similar
when: (i) their angles correspond and
are equal in pairs; (ii) the lengths of the
sides of one triangle are proportional
to those of another.
Consider the following triangles:
A D
F
C B E
CAB FDE; ABC DEF ; BCA EFD
The sides are proportion al and so
AC AB BC
DF DE EF
E B
D C
Given that EB//DC show that
ABE ACD .
Proof: since EB//DC
AEB ADC (correspon ding angles)
ABE ACD (correspon ding angles)
EAB DAC(common)
Thus ACD ABE
Exercise 1.7.1 (i)consider the figure
below. A
E
D C B
Given that CED ABC , show that
ABD ECD
(ii)consider the figure below.
A find DE, CE and BD
10cm 8cm
B 7cmC
D E
Exercise 2.7.2 Find the unknown in each
of the following:
(i) A ycm
10cm B
zcm 5cm
E xcm D 8cm C
(ii) z (iii)
x x
8cm z0
0
140
12cm ycm y 0
Exercise 2.7.3
Solve for the unknowns in each of the
following:
1. (a) 110 0 c
a b e
(b) z 0
(c) z0
300 y0 1200
x0 730
1600
x0
(d) z 0 y0 (e) y0
x0
1300
65 0 260
0 y0
z
(f) y 0
w 0 (g) v0
x0
x0 0 0
53 u0 w0
z 240
2.a xcm
zcm 3cm
b)ycm 10cm
8cm ycm
0
7cm
12cm
xcm 8cm
in (b) the area of the rectangle is twice
the area of the triangle.
(c) (d) xcm
12cm 18cm
6cm
32cm 7.2cm
xcm
ycm 15.9cm
7.6cm zcm
2.4cm 3.4cm
3. Perimeters and Areas
3.1 The perimeter of a triangle is the
sum of the lengths of its sides.
c b
a
Perimeter p a b c
3.2 The perimeter of a rectangle,
square, trapezium, rhombus or
parallelogram equals the sum of the
lengths of its sides.
b
d c a a
a b
P abcd P 2( a b ) P 4a
a b
a
P 4a P 2( a b )
a Area s ( s a )( s b)( s c)
3.4 The area of a rectangle is equal to
the product of the length and the
width. l
b Area l b
b
3.8 The area of a rhombus equals half
the product of the lengths of its
diagonals. b a
1
Area a b
2
Exercise 3.1 find the area and the
perimeter of each of the following
figures:
6.6cm
1. 5cm 4.6cm 2. 7.2cm
6.7cm
3. 10.7cm 4. 600
450 300
28cm
45cm
5. 36.3cm
37.2cm
30.8cm
67.2cm 26cm
18.4cm
4. Circle theorems
4.1 The angle between a tangent and
the radius to a circle is 90 .
0
T
A
4.2 Angles subtended by an arc or a
chord of a circle on the same segment
D
are equal. A
C B
4.3 Angle in a semi circle is equal to 90 0
C B
D
C
4.6 Angles subtended on the
circumference of a circle by chords or
arcs of equal lengths are equal.
F
A
AB ED
E and ACB FDE
D B
C
4.7 The angles subtended by chords or
arcs of equal lengths at the centre of a
circle are equal. A
o
D
AB DC
and AOB DOC B
C
4.8 The angle subtended by a chord
or an arc at the centre of a circle is
twice that on the alternate
A
segment.
C B
w0
z0
y0
y0 x0
x 0 1300
27 0
820
z0
APPLIED MAHEMATICS
1. DYNAMICS
KINEMATICS OF A PARTICLE MOVING
IN A STRAIGHT LINE
Consider a particle projected with
speed u so that it covers a distance s
after time t reaching a speed of v and
an acceleration of a .
(i) The average speed of the particle is
given by
sum of speeds total distance
average
2 time
uv s
2 t
t (u v) 2 s.............(1)
v u 2as..............(5)
2 2
find t and u
(v) If v 18, s 64, t 8,
find u and a
Example 2. a car starts from rest and
accelerates uniformly to a speed of
60km / h in 30 seconds. Find the distance
covered by the particle in this time.
Solution to example 1.
(i) v 7, u 5, a 1,
to find s and t
We consider the equation
v u 2as
2 2
7 5 2(1) s
2 2
49 25 2 s
49 25 24
s 12
2 2
From v u at
We have 7 5 (1)t
t 75 2
(ii) u 10, v 2, t 4,
to find s and a we consider the
equation v u at
2 10 a (4)
4a 2 10
12
a 3
4
Solution to example 2.
Since the car starts from rest u 0 .
v 60km/h, t 30 sec .
To find s we consider the equation
v u at
60 0 30a
60
a 2
30
1 2
We now consider s ut at
2
1
s 0(30) (2)(30) 2
2
s 900km
Example 3. A particle is projected
upward from a point O with speed 25ms 1
u 6, a g 10,
h initial heightabov e water
t 2, s h, v ?
We treat this as the case of a particle
moving up continuously for 2 seconds.
The initial distance of the stone above
the water is negative.
1 2
From s ut at
2
1
We have h 6(2) (10)( 2 )
2
2
h 12 20
h 8m
From v u 2as
2 2
v 196 14
Thus, the stone hits the water with a
speed of 14m / s and the initial height
of the stone above the water is 8m
Exercise 1.
The points P, Q, R and S lie on a straight
line such that QR=28m and RS=72m. A
Particle starting from rest at P moves
with constant acceleration and passes
through Q, R and S. Its speeds at R and
1 1
S are 9ms and 15ms respectively. Find
the speed of the particle at Q and
determine how long it takes to travel
from Q to S.
Exercise 2. (a) a particle accelerates
1
from rest at a constant rate of 3ms to
a speed of Vms . It mentioned this
1
speed for some time and then
decelerate at a constant rate of 1.5ms .2
s 10m
(ii ) the distance covered during the third second is the
Example 1. A particle p moves along a path
such that its distance m from a fixed point O
is given by the expression
s 3t 14t 16t 10. Where t is the time
3 2
24 56 32 10 10m
(ii ) the distance covered during the third
second is the distance between t 2 and
t 3.
At t 3, s 3(3) 14(3) 16(3) 10
3 2
81 126 48 10 13m
Thus the distance covered during the third
second is s s3 s2 13 10 3m
(iii ) speed v ds dt 9t 28t 16
2
v 94 28(4) 16 144 112 16 48m / s
2
28 (28) 4(9)(16)
2
so t
18
t 2.3568s or t 0.7543s
When t 2.3568,
s 3(2.3568) 14(2.3568) 16(2.3568) 10
3 2
s 9.2983 9.3m
When t 0.7543,
s 3(0.7543) 14(0.7543) 16(0.7543) 10
3 2
s 15.3908 15.4m
dv
(v) a 18t 28
dt
At t 3, a 18(3) 28 26m / s 2
But s 10 at t 10 so k 10
Thus s 2t 17t 40t 10
3
(t 4)(3t 5) 0
5
Therefore t 4 s or t s
3
When t 4 the distance is
s 2(4) 17(4) 40(4) 10
3
1. Apar t i cl e movi ng i n a st
travelled and the maximum speed attained by the
rai g ht
particle in the first 4 seconds of its motion. Find also
l ine such t h at i t s
di s pl aceme nt from a fi x ed poi n
the range of values of t for which the accelerati on of
the particle is negative.
t af t er t i m e t seconds i s s
2. A particle moving in a straight line starts from rest
at a point A. Its accelerati on at time t is
45 12t 9t m / s . If the particle comes to
2 2
2
(iii ) Principle of Linear Momentum :
This states thet in a conservati ve system
the total momentum is always the same.
(iv) Momentum and Collision (direct impact)
Suppose two particles of masses m1 and m2
moving initially with speeds u1 and u2 collide
directly so that thei r speeds after collision are
v1 and v2 .
before impact after impact
u1 u2 v1 v2
By the conservation of linear
momentum we have
m1u1 m2u2 m1v1 v2u2
The change in kinetic energy due to
impact is
1 1 1 1 2
m1v1 m2 v2 m1u1 m2u2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1
2
2 2
m1v1 m2 v2 m1u1 m2u2
2 2
Example 1.
Two particles A and B of masses 2kg and
3kg moving in the same
directions8m /with
s speeds
10m / s and
collide directly. Given that the speed of
B 6after
m / s impact is find the speed of
A after impact.
Find also the change in kinetic energy
due to collision.
Solution: consider the figures given
be v1
before impact after impact
8 10 v1 6 ve
A B A B
By the law of conservation of linear
momentum we have:
m1u1 m2u 2 m1v1 v2u 2
2(8) 3(10) 2v1 3(6)
16 30 2v1 18
2v1 46 18 28 v1 14
total ke before impact
1
2
1 1
m1u1 m2u2 2 82 3 10 2 214
2
2
2
2
total ke after impact
1
2
2 1
2
2 1
2
2 2
m1v1 m2 v2 2 14 3 6 250
F R
P
Example1. find the resultant of two
forces of magnitudes 4 N and 5 N which
act at right angle to each other.
4N RN
5N
We have from pythagoras’ theorem
R 2 4 2 52 41
R 41 6.4
4
tan 0.8 tan 0.8 38.7
1
5
Example 2. two forces acting on a
particle have magnitudes 2 N and 3N . If
the angle between their directions 60 0
(II) F 15 N , P 30 N , 38 0
,
(III) F; 35 N , P 23N , R 42 N
(IV) F 76 N , P 60 N , 120 , 0
(V) F 48 N , P 36 N , 1020 ;
(VI) .R 18.3N , P 15.7 N , R 26.5 N
Resolution of forces
Any force can be resolved into two
mutually perpendicular directions.
Consider the forces P and Q in the
x y plane as given below:
y
Q P
Q sin P sin
Q cos P cos x
R 5(2
2
3 5) 5(2 5 3 ) 10 29
2
Its inclination to the positive x direction
Y 5(2 5 3 )
is given by tan
X 5(2 3 5)
(2 5 3 )
tan 6.94073
(2 3 5)
tan (6.94073) 81.80
1
EXERCISE 2.
(a) A set of coplanar forces of
magnitudes 10 N ,12 N ,18 N and 14 N act on a
particle in directions N 60 0
W, south-west,
North and north-west. Find the
magnitude and direction of their
resultant.
(b) A particle is being pulled along a
smooth horizontal plane by three
strings. The directions of the strings are
0 0
N 60 W ,due north and N 30 E . If the
tensions in the string are of magnitude
14 N ,11 N and 9N respectively, find the
resultant force on the particle and give
its direction.
Exercise 3.
(i) A block of mass 3kg is suspended by
means of two light wires such that one
wire makes an angle of 30 with the
0
F P Q
sin sin sin
Q
VECTORS
A vector is a quantity that has both
magnitude and direction. A scalar
quantity , on the other hand, has
magnitude only but not direction.
Example of vectors include the
following: displacement; velocity;
acceleration; weight; force.
Examples of scalar quantities are:
length; distance; mass; speed; energy;
work and power.
Representation of vectors
The following are different
ways
of B
b a
representing vectors: ; b; , ; A
A AB ~
r r x i y j
~ ~
~ y ~
j i
~ ~ x
x
We can add and subtract vectors in two
dimensions.
If a 3 i 2 j and b 5 i 4 j we have:
~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~
(i) a b 3 i 2 j 5 i 4 j 3 5i 2 4 j 8 i 6 j
3 i 2 j 5 i 4 j 3 5 i 2 4 j 2 i 2 j
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
(ii) a
~
b
~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
(v) 10 a 7 c ~ ~
3 1
20 i 20 j
2 2 ~
~
10 3 i 10 j ..............(1)
~ ~
1 3
30 i 30 j
~
2~ 2
15 i 15 3 j ..............(2)
~ ~
The resultant force is given in vector
form as R F F
~ ~1 ~ 2
10 3 i 10 j 15 i 15 3 j
~ ~ ~ ~
10 3 15 i 10 15 3 j
~ ~
given by ~
25 12 12 3 9 25 4 12 3 27
5 12 12 3 9 4 12 3 27
5 12 9 4 27 5 52 20 13 N
The inclination of the resultant to the
positive x direction is
Y
tan 1
X
1 5 2 3 3
tan
tan 1
23 3
80.310
5 2 3 3 2 3 3