Introduction to

Diarrhoeal Diseases

Diarrhoeal diseases are a leading cause of illness and death worldwide,

particularly in developing countries. These conditions involve the frequent
passage of loose, watery stools, often accompanied by abdominal cramps,
nausea, and dehydration. Proper prevention and treatment are crucial to reduce
the burden of these preventable diseases.

by Aman Bhai
Causes and Transmission of
Diarrhoeal Diseases
Caused by bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections - common culprits include
E. coli, Salmonella, Rotavirus, and Giardia

Spread through contaminated food, water, or close contact with infected

individuals - poor hygiene and sanitation practices facilitate transmission

Certain risk factors increase vulnerability, such as weakened immune

systems, malnutrition, and lack of access to clean water
Symptoms and Complications of
Diarrhoeal Diseases

The key symptoms of diarrhoeal diseases include frequent, watery stools,

abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting. In severe cases, dehydration,
electrolyte imbalances, and fever may occur. Complications can include
malnutrition, stunted growth in children, and life-threatening conditions like
bloody diarrhea or cholera.
Prevention and Treatment of Diarrhoeal
Diseases
1 Proper Hygiene
Washing hands with soap and water, especially before eating and after using the
bathroom, is crucial to prevent the spread of diarrhoeal diseases.

2 Safe Water and Sanitation

Ensuring access to clean drinking water and proper sewage disposal can significantly
reduce the risk of contracting diarrhoeal diseases.

3 Oral Rehydration Therapy

Drinking oral rehydration solutions with the proper balance of electrolytes can help
replace fluids and prevent dehydration in cases of diarrhoea.
Overview of Polio
(Poliomyelitis)
Polio, short for poliomyelitis, is a highly contagious viral disease that primarily
affects young children. It can lead to life-long paralysis and, in severe cases,
death. Understanding the overview of this debilitating illness is crucial for
prevention and treatment.
Causes and Transmission of Polio
Poliovirus Transmission Risk Factors Immunity

Polio is caused by the The virus is mainly Poor sanitation, lack The body can develop
poliovirus, a highly transmitted through of access to clean immunity to polio
contagious virus that the fecal-oral route, water, and low through vaccination or
primarily infects the spreading from person vaccination rates natural infection, but
nervous system. It can to person via increase the risk of this immunity is not
lead to lifelong contaminated food, polio transmission, lifelong, requiring
paralysis or even water, or contact with especially in booster shots to
death. infected feces. developing countries. maintain protection.
Symptoms and Complications of
Polio
The primary symptom of polio is muscle weakness or paralysis, often affecting
the legs and arms. In severe cases, the paralysis can spread to the respiratory
muscles, leading to life-threatening breathing difficulties. Other common
symptoms include fever, headache, and stiffness in the neck and back.

Polio can also cause long-term complications, such as post-polio syndrome,

which can lead to muscle atrophy, joint and muscle pain, and fatigue years after
the initial infection.
Prevention and Treatment of Polio

Vaccination
The polio vaccine is the most effective way to prevent polio. It trains the immune
system to recognize and fight the poliovirus.

Sanitation and Hygiene

Proper hand washing, access to clean water, and safe food handling can help stop the
spread of the poliovirus.

Early Detection and Treatment

Prompt diagnosis and supportive care, including physical therapy, can help manage the
symptoms and complications of polio.
Understanding
Hepatitis
Hepatitis is a group of viral infections that cause inflammation of the liver. It can
lead to serious and potentially life-threatening complications if left untreated.
Prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial for managing this
complex disease.
Diabetes: Types, Causes, and
Management
Diabetes is a chronic condition where the body fails to properly regulate blood
sugar levels. There are two main types - Type 1 and Type 2. Type 1 is an
autoimmune disease, while Type 2 is often linked to lifestyle factors like obesity
and inactivity. Proper management through insulin, diet, and exercise is crucial to
maintain healthy blood sugar levels and prevent complications.