Discovery of DNA:

Rosalind Franklin, not by Francis Crick and

James Watson. Franklin discovered that the
DNA is a double helix structure

First image of DNA, also called as “Photo 51”

Longest Word in the World: Titin, a
protein that stabilize the structure of
muscle during contraction and
relaxation.
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Central Dogma of the Molecular Biology

Central Dogma of the Molecular Biology

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 Cite the steps in DNA
Replication

Object
 Cite the steps in DNA
Replication
Explain how the body
synthesizes proteins

Object
 Cite the steps in DNA
Replication
Explain how the body
synthesizes proteins
Identify real-life implications
of the Central Dogma of the

Object
Molecular Biology
Table of Content
Serving size: a DNA
Central Dogma DNA Transcription
DNA Replication Initiation
Replication Fork Formation Elongation
Primer Binding Termination
Elongation DNA Translation
Termination Protein Synthesis
Central dogma. The
central dogma of
molecular biology is a
theory stating that genetic
information flows only in
one direction, from DNA,
to RNA, to protein, or
RNA directly to protein.
- Francis Crick
 The process in
DNA which the DNA
REPLI is copied in cells.
 ------------------------------------------
INGREDIENT AMT
------------------------------------------
HELICASE 1 pc.
DNA POLYMERASE I 1 pc.
DNA POLYMERASE II 1 pc.
DNA POLYMERASE III 1 pc.
PRIMASE 2 pcs.
TOPOISOMERASE 1 pc.
LIGASE 1 pc.
EXONUCLEASE 2 pcs.
PYRIMIDINE 2 pcs.
PURINE 2 pcs.
------------------------------------------

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 Step 1

Replication fork
formation

STEPS
DNA helicase disrupts the hydrogen
bonding between base pairs to
separate the strands into a Y shape
known as the replication fork.
 Step 2

Primer Binding and

Elongation

Once the DNA strands have been separated, a

short piece of RNA called a primer binds to
the 3' end of the strand. The primer always
binds as the starting point for replication.
Primers are generated by the enzyme DNA
primase.
Enzymes known as DNA polymerases are responsible
creating the new strand by a process called elongation.
Polymerase III is the main replication enzyme, while
polymerase I, II, IV and V are responsible for error
checking and repair. DNA polymerase III binds to the
strand at the site of the primer and begins adding new base
pairs complementary to the strand during replication.
Write the complementary DNA of this parent
strand:

A–T–T–T–A–C–G–G–G–A–A–T
Write the complementary DNA of this parent
strand:

A–T–T–T–A–C–G–G–G–A–A–T
T–A–A–A–T–G–C–C–C–T–T–A
Write the complementary DNA of this parent
strand:

T–A–C–T–A–T–C–C–C–A–T–C
Write the complementary DNA of this parent
strand:

T–A–C–T–A–T–C–C–C–A–T–C
A–T–G–A–T–A–G–G–G–T–A–G
 Step 3

Termination
Once both the continuous and discontinuous strands
are formed, an enzyme called exonuclease removes
all RNA primers from the original strands. Another
enzyme called DNA ligase joins Okazaki fragments
together forming a single unified strand.
 The process in which
DNA the DNA is copied
into a new molecule
TRANS of mRNA.
 Step 1

Initiation
RNA polymerase binds to a sequence of DNA
called the promoter, found near the
beginning of a gene. Once bound, RNA
polymerase separates the DNA strands,
providing the single-stranded template needed
for transcription.

STEPS
Initiation
Step 2
Elongation

One strand of DNA, the template strand, acts

as a template for RNA polymerase. As it
"reads" this template one base at a time, the
polymerase builds an RNA molecule out of
complementary nucleotides, making a chain
that grows from 5' to 3'.
Write the complementary
mRNA of this template
strand:
A–T–T–T–A–C–G–G–G–A–A–T
T–A–A–A–T–G–C–C–C–T–T–A
Write the complementary
mRNA of this template
strand:
A–T–T–T–A–C–G–G–G–A–A–T
T–A–A–A–T–G–C–C–C–T–T–A
A–U–U–U–A–C–G–G–G–A–A–U
Write the complementary
mRNA of this template
strand:
T–A–C–T–A–T–C–C–C–A–T–C
A–T–G–A–T–A–G–G–G–T–A–G
Write the complementary
mRNA of this template
strand:
T–A–C–T–A–T–C–C–C–A–T–C
A–T–G–A–T–A–G–G–G–T–A–G
U–A–C–U–A–U–C–C–C–A–U–C
 Step 3

Termination
Sequences called terminators signal that the RNA
transcript is complete. Once they are transcribed, they
cause the transcript to be released from the RNA
polymerase.
 The process in which

DNA the mRNA is

translated into a
TRANS polypeptide chain
Seatwork: Write the complementary
DNA, mRNA, and Amino acid chain of
the following DNA strand.
1. A – T – G – T – G – G – T – C – A – T – G – A
2. A – T – G – G – C – G – A – T – G – T – A – G
3. A – T – G – C – A – C – G – C – T – A – C – T
Seatwork: Write the complementary
DNA, mRNA, and Amino acid chain
of the following DNA strand.
1. A – T – G – T – G – G – T – C – A – T – G – A
1. A – T – G – T – G – G – T – C – A – T – G – A
T–A–C–A–C–C–A–G–T–A–C–T
1. A – T – G – T – G – G – T – C – A – T – G – A
T–A–C–A–C–C–A–G–T–A–C–T
A–U–G –U –G–G –U–C–A–U–G –A
1. A – T – G – T – G – G – T – C – A – T – G – A
T–A–C–A–C–C–A–G–T–A–C–T
A–U–G –U –G–G –U–C–A–U–G –A

Met – Trp – Ser – Stop

2. A – T – G – G – C – G – A – T – G – T – A – G
2. A – T – G – G – C – G – A – T – G – T – A – G
T–A–C–C–G–C–T–A–C–A–T–C
2. A – T – G – G – C – G – A – T – G – T – A – G
T–A–C–C–G–C–T–A–C–A–T–C
A–U–G–G–C–G–A–U–G–U–A–G
2. A – T – G – G – C – G – A – T – G – T – A – G
T–A–C–C–G–C–T–A–C–A–T–C
A–U–G–G–C–G–A–U–G–U–A–G
Met – Ala – Met – Stop
3. A – T – G – C – A – C – G – C – T – T – A – A
3. A – T – G – C – A – C – G – C – T – T – A – A
T–A–C–G–T–G–C–G–A–A–T–C
3. A – T – G – C – A – C – G – C – T – T – A – A
T–A–C–G–T–G–C–G–A–A–T–C
A–U–G –C–A–C–G –C–U –U –A–A
3. A – T – G – C – A – C – G – C – T – T – A – A
T–A–C–G–T–G–C–G–A–A–T–C
A–U–G –C–A–C–G –C–U –U –A–A
Met – His – Ala – Stop