Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Behaviour
SESSION-6,7,8
Everything psychological has a biological base and
environmental and cultural influences do play a role in our
behavior
chapter outline
Neurons : building blocks of the nervous system
The nervous system : its basic structure and functions
The brain : where consciousness is
The brain And human behaviour where biology and consciousness meet
Nervous system : An extensive system or organs and nerves that are in charge of relaying
information and signals between different parts of the body.
Composed of primarily specialized cells called NEURONS. Brain is composed of 100 billion
neurons
Neurons : building blocks of the Nervous
system
Neurons : cells specialized for communicating
information ,in the nervous system the basic
building blocks of the nervous system
Dendrites : the parts of the neurons that
conduct action potential towards the cell body
Axon : the part of the neuron that conducts
the action potential away from the cell body
Glial cells : cells in the nervous system that
surround and support and protect neurons
Neurons : building blocks of the Nervous
system
A neuron is a specialized cell that is
responsible for transmitting electrical and
chemical signals in the nervous system. It is
the basic building block of the nervous system
and is composed of three main parts: the cell
body, dendrites, and axon.
The cell body, also known as the soma,
contains the nucleus and other organelles
necessary for the neuron to function. It is
responsible for synthesizing and processing
proteins and other molecules necessary for
the neuron to function properly.
Neurons : building blocks of the Nervous
system
Dendrites are branched extensions of the cell
body that receive signals from other neurons
or sensory cells. These signals are transmitted
through specialized structures called synapses,
which are small gaps between neurons that
allow for the transfer of chemical or electrical
signals.
The axon is a long, slender projection of the
neuron that carries signals away from the cell
body towards other neurons or effectors. It is
covered by a fatty substance called myelin,
which helps to insulate and speed up the
transmission of electrical signals along the
axon
Neurons : building blocks of the Nervous
system
At the end of the axon, there are specialized structures called axon terminals that release
chemical messengers called neurotransmitters into the synapse. These neurotransmitters can
either excite or inhibit the activity of the next neuron in the circuit, allowing for the transmission
of information throughout the nervous system
Overall, the unique structure of the neuron allows for the precise and rapid transmission of
information throughout the nervous system, making it a key component of many biological
processes, including perception, cognition, and behavior
Communication between neurons :
synaptic transmission
Communication between neurons occurs through a process called synaptic transmission.
Synaptic transmission involves the transfer of information between neurons through specialized
structures called synapses, which are small gaps between neurons.
When an action potential reaches the end of an axon, it triggers the release of
neurotransmitters from the axon terminal into the synapse. These neurotransmitters bind to
specialized receptors on the dendrites or cell body of the next neuron in the circuit, initiating a
new action potential in that neuron
The neurotransmitters can have either excitatory or inhibitory effects on the next neuron in the
circuit, depending on the type of neurotransmitter and the specific receptors it binds to.
Excitatory neurotransmitters increase the likelihood that the next neuron will fire an action
potential, while inhibitory neurotransmitters decrease the likelihood of firing
After the neurotransmitters have been released into the synapse, they are quickly removed from
the synapse by either reuptake back into the presynaptic neuron or enzymatic degradation by
specialized enzymes. This allows for the precise regulation of synaptic transmission and prevents
the buildup of excess neurotransmitters in the synapse
Overall, synaptic transmission plays a critical role in the communication between neurons and is
essential for many biological processes, including perception, cognition, and behavior.
Dysregulation of synaptic transmission has been implicated in a variety of neurological and
psychiatric disorder
Neurotransmitters : chemical keys to the
nervous system
Neurotransmitters location effects
acetylcholine Found throughout the central Involved in muscle action,
nervous system, in the autonomic learning, and memory
nervous system
nonrepinephrine Found in the neurons of the ANS Primarily involved in control and
alertness
dopamine Produced by neurons located in Involved in the
the region of the brain called movement ,attention and
substantia nigra learning. Degeneration of
dopamine has resulted in
Parkinson’s disease.
Too much has been linked to
schizophrenia
serotonin Found in the spinal cord and in Plays a role in regulation of mood
the brain and in the control of
eating,sleepand arousal
GABA: gamma-amino-butyric acid Found throughout the brain and It is the major inhibitory
the spinal cord transmitter in the
brain.abnormality leads to sleep
Drugs and neuro transmitters
Drugs can affect neurotransmitter function in a variety of ways. Some drugs mimic the effects of
neurotransmitters and bind to their receptors, while others block the reuptake or degradation of
neurotransmitters, leading to an increase in their concentration in the synapse.
Agonists : A chemical substance that mimics the action of the neurotransmitters at a receptor
site
Antagonist : A chemical substance that inhibits the effect normally produced by a
neurotransmitter
One example of a drug that mimics the effects of a neurotransmitter is nicotine. Nicotine binds
to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain, which are normally activated by the
neurotransmitter acetylcholine. This binding leads to the release of dopamine, a
neurotransmitter involved in the brain's reward system, leading to feelings of pleasure and
reward.
Another example of a drug that affects neurotransmitter function is cocaine. Cocaine blocks the
reuptake of dopamine in the synapse, leading to an increase in its concentration and prolonged
activation of the dopamine receptors. This leads to a feeling of euphoria and is the basis for the
drug's addictive properties.
Antidepressant drugs like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) work by blocking the
reuptake of serotonin in the synapse, leading to an increase in its concentration and prolonged
activation of serotonin receptors. This can help alleviate symptoms of depression, which is
thought to be related to low levels of serotonin in the brain.
Overall, drugs can affect neurotransmitter function in a variety of ways, leading to changes in
behavior and mood. Understanding the effects of drugs on neurotransmitters can help develop
new treatments for neurological and psychiatric disorders.
The nervous system : its basic structure
and its function
The nervous system is a complex network of
specialized cells and tissues that are
responsible for transmitting and processing
information throughout the body. It is divided
into two main parts: the central nervous
system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous
system (PNS).
The nervous system : its basic structure
and its function
he CNS is composed of the brain and spinal
cord, which are responsible for processing and
integrating information from the PNS and
initiating appropriate responses.
The brain is composed of different regions that
are specialized for different functions, such as
perception, movement, and cognition.
The spinal cord serves as a relay between the
brain and the PNS and is responsible for
reflexive responses to stimuli
The nervous system : its basic structure
and its function
Central nervous system: The brain is a highly
complex organ, composed of different regions
that are specialized for different functions.
The cerebrum is responsible for perception,
movement, and cognition, while the
cerebellum is responsible for motor
coordination and balance. The brainstem
controls vital functions like breathing, heart
rate, and blood pressure.
The spinal cord serves as a relay between the
brain and the PNS and is responsible for
reflexive responses to stimuli. The spinal cord
is protected by the vertebrae, which also
provide support for the body.
The CNS is composed of two main types of
cells: neurons and glial cells. Neurons are
specialized for transmitting and processing
information through electrical and chemical
signals, while glial cells provide support and
protection for neurons
Dysfunction of the CNS has been implicated in a variety of neurological disorders, including
Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy. These disorders can
result from a variety of causes, including genetics, environmental factors, and injury.
Overall, the CNS plays a critical role in many biological processes, including perception,
cognition, behavior, and regulation of bodily functions. Its complex structure and functions allow
for the precise and coordinated regulation of bodily functions and behavior, making it a
fundamental component of many biological processes.
The nervous system : its basic structure
and its function
The PNS is composed of all the nervous tissue
outside of the CNS, including sensory neurons,
motor neurons, and autonomic neurons.
Sensory neurons carry information from the
body's sensory organs to the CNS, while motor
neurons carry information from the CNS to the
muscles and glands. Autonomic neurons
regulate involuntary functions like heart rate,
digestion, and breathing.
. The PNS is divided into two main branches:
the somatic nervous system and the
autonomic nervous system.