MAITA LP GUADAMOR

DOCUMENT

Any material containing

marks, signs or symbols
visible, partially visible or
invisible which furnish or
convey information, meaning
or message to a person.
QUESTIONED DOCUMENT

One in which the stated facts

appearing therein are
questionable or seemed
untrue, and are contested
either in whole or in part with
respect to their authenticity,
identity or origin.
 Classes of
QUESTIONED DOCUMENT

1. Documents with questioned

signature.
is a name or a mark that a person
puts at the end of a document to
attest that he is its author or that
he ratifies its content.
2. Documents containing
alleged fraudulent
alterations.
3. Holograph documents
questioned or disputed.

What is a holograph?

wholly written by the person in whose

name it appears
4. Documents questioned as to
their age or date.

Approximate date of the document if it

is undated
5. Documents questioned as to the
material used in the production.

Materials refer to:

1. Paper
2. Ink
6.Typewritten documents which
are questioned for the purpose
of ascertaining their source,
determining their date, and
whether or not, they contain
fraudulent alterations or
substituted pages.

 Pica – 10 letters in an inch

 Elite – 12 letters in an inch
7. Documents questioned because
they can identify some persons
through handwriting.

8. Genuine documents erroneously

or fraudulently attacked or
disputed.
KINDS OF DOCUMENTS
a document created, executed or
issued by a public official in
response to exigencies of the
public service, or in the execution
of which the public intervenes.
 Birth certificate

Office – origin of document

Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA)

By a public employee
 also known as a public
document, it is issued by a
public official in the exercise
of his functions. It falls
within the larger class called
public documents
 a deed or an instrument executed
by a private person without the
intervention of a notary public or
other persons legally authorized,
and which proves some disposition
or agreement as evidenced or set
forth therein.
When the private document is used as
an evidence in court (upon receipt by
the court for marking as evidence /
exhibit)
any document defined and
regulated by the Code of
Commerce
 Tickets:
Buses, planes, ships
Hardware, department
store, malls
Theatre Ticket
What receipt will they give
you when you buy in a
hardware?
 What receipt will they give
you when you pay your tuition
fee?
Difference
is the result of a very complicated
series of acts treated as a whole, a
combination of certain forms of
visible mental and muscular habits
acquired by long-painstaking
effort.
 it has a physiological/
psychological link to the brain.
 KINDS OF WRITING

1. Cursive or Conventional
Writing

wherein most parts are

joined together by a
junction connection.
 2. Script writing

is any disconnected style of

writing or junction broken
 3. Block or Printed

writing is characterized by all

capital letters.
 WHAT IS GRAPHOLOGY?

A science validated by research.

This method is based entirely on

detailed analyzed strokes in an
individual's handwriting to assess
his or her personality.
MOVEMENTS IN WRITING
the letters are made entirely by
the action of the thumb, the index
and middle fingers.

Such is found among children,

illiterates and those to whom
writing is an unfamiliar process.
A person who lacks the SKILL of
writing and reading
the letters are produced by the
action of the whole hand with the
wrist as the center of action and
with some actions of the fingers.

Most of the illegible, scratchy and

angular writings of women are
produced by such movement.
the movement in writing is made by
the hand and arm supported with
the elbow at the center of the lateral
swing.
Many of the good writings are
written in this manner. There is more
speed, rhythm and freedom in this
way of writing.
the action is produced by the
entire arm without any rest.

The source of motion is the

shoulder.

Writing on a blackboard is a good

example of this.
Handwriting Characteristics of
Illiterates

1. The tendency of the writing

is to be raised involuntarily in
the last letters of the word
made by the extension of the
fingers while the hand is being
held in a fixed position.
2. The loop letters are often
slanted too much because the
upstrokes are made too long or
nearly straight.
3. The writing is made up of
disconnected unskilled
movement impulses which
are not likely to be related
in an exactly identical way.
4. Tremor is seen due to
inability to control the pen in
motion because of being
unfamiliar with and self-
conscious to the process of
writing
5. Formation and angle of
letters are irregular and
definitely show lack of
knowledge of size and
proportion.
6. Illiterate pencil writing is
usually produced with much
pressure and may show the
habit of wetting the pencil
lead frequently.
7. In anonymous writing,
illiteracy is indicated by
faulty arrangement of words,
lines, paragraphs and pages.
Handwriting Characteristics of
Old Aged Persons

1. Due to lack of muscular

control, the handwriting does
not usually show the fine lines
continuously but the strokes
are mostly rough and made
with considerable measure.
2. They show very uneven
alignment and may disregard
entirely a line near which they
are written.

3. With the presence of tremor,

the changes in direction are
numerous, and omission of parts
of letters or strokes is common.
4. Even with much tremor, the
handwriting usually shows free
connecting and terminal strokes
made by the momentum of the
hand.

5. It unusually shows an unusual

and erratic departure from its
intended movement, particularly
in downward strokes.
3. To find out whether the writing
contains additions or deletions

4. To find out whether the

document is genuine or a
forgery
Some Bases in the Examination
of Paper
1. Color

color can be well appreciated with

a good light. Dint, stain or fading
condition may not show the true
color of the paper.
2. Surface Appearance

it may be smooth or
rough; damaged or
wrinkled.
 3. Watermarks

exposure of the paper to

a strong light may reveal
the watermarks of the
manufacturer or the type
of the paper.
 4. Weight and Thickness

the thickness may be

measured by means of the
paper micrometer. Papers are
designated in weight which is
in turn shows thickness of the
sheet.
 WATERMARKS
This is one of the most important
features in the comparison of paper. It
is a distinctive mark or design placed in
the paper at the time of its
manufacture by a roll usually covered
with cloth known as “dandy roll” which
serves as a means whereby the
manufacturer of the paper can be
identified as the product of a particular
manufacturer.
 DANDY ROLL

AA wire-covered cylinder
located toward the end of the
forming section of a
papermaking machine that is
used to squeeze excess water
out of the wet paper
The individual who is
attempting to disguise his or
her handwriting is trying to
produce a convention that he
or she is not accustomed to.
1. Abnormally large writing
2. Abnormally small writing
3. Alternation in slant
 4. Unusual variation in slant
within a single unit of writing.
5. Printed forms instead
of cursive forms.
DISGUISED
NORMAL
 6. Diminution in the
usual speed of writing.
Fast speed changed into slow
writing movement. Letters are
almost drawn.
 7. Unusual widening or
restriction of lateral spacing.
NORMAL DISGUISED
A "standard" is simply a known
item to which an unknown item
can be compared. Standards are
needed in typewriter, printer,
photocopy and other non-
handwriting examinations for the
examiner can compare them to a
questioned writing.
Any known writing specimen used
for comparison is called standard
earlier known as exemplar. It is
specifically employed to
designate “a specimen of
standard writing offered in
evidence or obtained on request
for comparison with the
questioned writing.”
handwritings of a person written
in the course of his daily life.
1. The amount of standard
writings available.
10 to 20 signatures constitute adequate samples

4 to 5 pages of carefully selected continuous,

natural writing usually prove satisfactory.
2. Similarity of subject matter.

Note: If the questioned signature

contains all the letters in the
name, it should be compared
with an exemplar that is also
complete in spelling.
3. Relative dates of the questioned
and the standard writing.

Note: collected exemplars must

be those prepared 5 years
before the date of the
questioned writing
4. Conditions under which both the
questioned document and the
standard are prepared

Note: subject must be seated

properly and used a chair
with an armrest
5. Writing instrument and paper.

Note: if ball point pen was used in

the questioned writing,
collect standards written
with ball point pen
writings by an individual taken
upon the request of the
investigator for purposes of
comparing them with his other
handwritings.
1. Materials must be provided for
the suspect/s.

2. The dictated text must be

carefully selected.
3. Adequate amount of writing
must be included.
4. Some portions of the dictation
should be repeated at least
three times.
5. Writing instrument and paper
should be similar to those used
in preparing the questioned
document.
6. The dictation should be
interrupted at intervals.

7. Normal writing conditions

should be arranged.
writings produced by the subject
after evidential writings have
come into dispute and solely
forthe purpose of establishing
contentions.
1. Standard writings witnessed

2. Standard writings admitted

3. Records maintained in regular
course of business

4. Government documents as
standardized writings.

5. Familiarity sometimes
establishes standard writings.
commonly called identifying
details or habits, these are
properties or marks which
distinguish a certain writer from
other writers.
these refer to writing details
common to a group of
individuals.
these are highly personal or
peculiar to a single person.
Blotting paper - Highly
absorbent paper which is
sometimes watermarked;
the ball point pen has
drastically reduced the
demand for this type of
paper.
Board - The papermaker's
name for cardboard; it is
thicker and heavier than
paper and may be made of
several layers laminated
together.
Carbonless Copy Paper - This
consists of two sheets of paper; the
underside of the top sheet is coated
with colorless dye in tiny gelatine
capsules; the underneath sheet is
coated with a reactive chemical which
turns blue or black when mixed with
the colorless dye; pressure from a pen
or typewriter on the top sheet causes
the gelatine capsules to break, the dye
and chemical mix and the blue or black
copy appears on the bottom sheet.
Carbon paper - A thin tissue
paper coated on one side with
coloring agent or carbon black
which is transferred to a sheet
of paper underneath when
pressure is applied.
Carton - A container usually
made of board but sometimes
partially or totally of plastic; it is
delivered by the carton
manufacturer to the user in either
flat or collapsed form.
Cartridge paper - Tough,
slightly rough surfaced paper used
for a variety of purposes such as
envelopes; the name comes from
the original use for the paper
which formed the tube section of
a shotgun shell.
Dry end - The part of a
papermaking machine
where the paper passes
through steam-heated
drying cylinders.
Newsprint - The relatively
low grade paper on which
newspapers are printed;
it is mainly produced
from mechanical pulp and
recycled fibers.
Papyrus - An ancient
writing material made
from the stem of the
papyrus plant, an African
reed.
Reel - A continuous
length of paper wound
on a core.
Tissue paper - Soft,
lightweight paper used
for hygienic and
household purposes.
Wove paper - Paper first
made as early as 1754 by
forming it on a mould with a
cover made from woven wire
cloth, hence 'wove paper'; the
paper has no watermark and
an even opacity; it is a type of
paper in common use today.
Codex – a modern type of
bound book which gradually
displaced scrolls. It could be
creased without breaking. Its
name was derived from the
ancient Greek city of
Perganum. It is made primarily
from the skins of sheep.
Vellum – a particularly fine
type of parchment made from
the skin of young animals; a
synonym for ordinary
parchment.
Other Bases of Paper
Identification
Paper Fastener – this
includes the old ribbon
and wax method in
which threaded slits are
placed along the end of
the pages to be secured
and then held in place at
either terminus by blob
of sealing wax.
Paper Pin – a British
invention in 1900.
Scotch
Tape – an
American
invention
in 1930.
Adhesive
Envelope –
known as
“self-
sealing”
envelope
introduced
in the late
1840’s.
Clasp Envelopes -
patented in 1879
Adhesive
Postage
Stamps –
introduce
d in
Britain in
1840 and
in the
United
States in
1847.
Library knife –
still used in
libraries and
archives to open
the
inadvertently
uncut pages of
old volume.
Ink erasers of
gray – known
as “sand
rubber”
before which
were later
modified to
become
typewriter
erasures.
Ink
eradicators –
known as
“chemical ink
erasers,”
these are
merely
bleaching
solutions
“chlorine
bleach.”
 Writing
Instruments
Ball pen- it usually leaves rounded
line showing no tip separation even
when pressed heavily. Smudge may
be deposited on the line. The ink,
not being a time liquid, does not
flow and spread into the fibers of
the paper.

The first ball-point pen was invented

by an Hungarian journalist, Ladislo
Biro, in 1938.
Fountain pen- the lines are more
or less round but when pressure is
increased there is separation of
the nib which is easily detected.
There is evenness in the flow of
ink.
Steel pen - there
is unevenness in
the flow of ink
leaving a
scratchy
appearance.
Pencil - lead of pencils is
composed of graphite and clay
with kaolin as binder. Soft pencils
have greater proportion of
graphite while hard ones have
relatively more clay. Cheap
quality pencils have frequent
gritty impurities which scratch
the paper, while high-grade
pencils are free from such grit.
1. Solid pigment core (typically
graphite commonly called pencil
lead)

2. Wood (cedar)
3. Painted body
4. Ferrule

5. Eraser
Quill pen –
originally a
chisel-edge or
board pen
introduced during
the late
eighteenth
century as “pen
knife.”

Feather pen –
Gold nib – a
durable pen whose
makers followed
on the heels of
steel-pen
manufacturers. It
was being tipped
with a hard
substance such as
rhodium to prevent
it from wearing so
quickly.
 Alignment

the relation of parts of

the whole line of writing or
individual letters in words to the
baseline.
KINDS OF ALIGNMENT
Altered Document
one which contains some changes
either as an addition or
deletion.
Ambidextrous
writing with the use of the wrong
hand.
Baseline
the ruled or imaginary line
upon which the writing
rests.
Beard
a
rudimentary
curve in initial
strokes usually
in capital
letters
Blunt Beginning
/ Ending
the
result of drawing
process
Buckle Knot
the
horizontal and
looped strokes
that are often
used to complete
certain letters.
Central Part or
Body
the
part of the letter
ordinarily formed
by a small circle
that usually lies
on the line of
writing
Charred
Document –
one which has
become
blackened or
brittle through
actual burning
or through
exposure to
excessive heat.
Eyelet or
Eye loop
the
small loop
formed inside
a letter
Diacritic
an element added to complete certain
letters
Grammage - The term is used to
denote the weight of paper or board;
the measurement used is the weight of
a single sheet of one square meter,
expressed as gram per square meter
(g/m²).
guided hand writing
Habit
any repeated element or
detail which may serve to
individualize writing.
Kraft paper - Paper made from a
type of chemical wood pulp; it
may be bleached or unbleached
and produces a strong paper
which is used for wrapping and
packaging; the term comes from
the German word for strong.
Hitch
The
introductory
backward
stroke added to
the beginning
or ending of
many letters.
Hook
The
bend or curve
found at the
commencement of
an initial stroke,
upstroke or at the
terminal stroke.
Hook
The
bend or curve
found at the
commencement
of an initial
stroke, upstroke
or at the
terminal stroke.
Hump
The
rounded outside
top of the bend
or curve in
small letters.
Knob
rounded
appearance of
the beginning
or ending
stroke
 LASER
- An acronym for Light
Amplification by Stimulated
Emission of Radiation. This
produces what is called
“coherent” light.
Line Quality
the overall character of the
ink lines from the beginning to
the ending strokes.
Obliteration – the blotting
out or smearing over the
writing to make the original
invisible or undecipherable.
Pen Lift
an interruption in a stroke caused by
removing the writing instrument from the paper.
Ream - A unit
of measurement
for sheets of
paper; normally
500.
Shank Stem
downward
stroke of any
letter
Shading – a widening of the ink
stroke due to added pressure on a
flexible pen point.
Space Filler or
terminal spur
an upward
horizontal or
downward final
stroke usually
seen in small
letters
Security paper -
Paper which
includes
identification
features such as
metallic strips and
watermarks to
assist in detecting
fraud and to
prevent
counterfeiting.
Tremor
a writing weakness portrayed by irregular
shaky strokes.
Whirl
the upward
stroke usually on
letters that have
long loops
a. cursive writing
b. disguise writing
c. natural writing
d. hand lettering
a. writing standards
b. requested standards
c. collected standards
d. genuine standards
a. document
b. forgery
c. questioned document
d. writing
a line quality
b. indication of forgery
c. defective line quality
d. indication of genuineness
a. pen stop
b. pen hold
c. pen lift
d. pen pressure
a. personal characteristics
b. class characteristics
c. individual
d. habits
a. transmitted light examination
b. microscopic examination
c. infrared examination
d. ultraviolet examination
a. oblique/side light examination
b. transmitted light examination
c. infrared examination
d. ultraviolet light examination
a. oblique/side light examination
b. transmitted light examination
c. infrared examination
d. ultraviolet light examination
a. simple forgery
b. simulated forgery
c. forgery of signature
d. traced forgery
a. simple forgery
b. simulated forgery
c. forgery of signature
d. traced forgery
a questioned document
b. forgery
c. handwriting
d. writing
a. pen emphasis
b. pen lift
c. pen
d. pen pressure
a. restoration
b. retrace
c. obliteration
d. shading
a. altered document
b. charred document
c. ambidextrous
d. blank paper
a. analysis
b. comparison
c. evaluation
d. bibliotics
a document
b. holograph
c. charred document
d. questioned document
a. public document
b. private document
c. official document
d. commercial document
a. standards
b. requested exemplars
c. collected exemplars
d. post liten motan exemplars
a. diacritic
b. name
c. signature
d. standard
a. public document
b. private document
c. official document
d. commercial document
a conventional signature
b. printed signature
c. fraudulent signature
d. highly conventional signature
a conventional signature
b. printed signature
c. fraudulent signature
d. highly conventional signature
a. cursive writing
b. printed writing
c. script writing
d. natural writing
a. public document
b. private document
c. official document
d. commercial document
a. Typewriter
b. Computer
c. Printer
d. Fax machine
a. Angle measure
b. Cheque-writing machine
c. Microscope
d. Typewriter
a. Calligraphy
b. Holography
c. Graphology
d. Forgery
a. Calligraphy
b. Holography
c. Graphology
d. Forgery
a. Collected writings
b. Stolen writings
c. Request writings
d. Forced writings
a. Collected writings
b. Stolen writings
c. Request writings
d. Forced writings
a. Disputed Document
b. Collected document
c. Questioned document
c. Requested document
a. Penlifts and hesitation
b. Tremor
c. Patching
d. Smoothness of paper
a. Counterfeiting
b. Simulation
c. Forgery
d. Deceiving
a. Cursive
b. Graphic
c. Script
d. Braille
a. cursive writing
b. disguise writing
c. natural writing
d. hand lettering
a. writing standards
b. requested standards
c. collected standards
d. genuine standards
a. document
b. forgery
c. questioned document
d. writing
a line quality
b. indication of forgery
c. defective line quality
d. indication of genuineness
a. pen stop
b. pen hold
c. pen lift
d. pen pressure
a. personal characteristics
b. class characteristics
c. individual
d. habits
a. transmitted light examination
b. microscopic examination
c. infrared examination
d. ultraviolet examination
a. oblique/side light examination
b. transmitted light examination
c. infrared examination
d. ultraviolet light examination
a. oblique/side light examination
b. transmitted light examination
c. infrared examination
d. ultraviolet light examination
a. simple forgery
b. simulated forgery
c. forgery of signature
d. traced forgery
a. simple forgery
b. simulated forgery
c. forgery of signature
d. traced forgery
a questioned document
b. forgery
c. handwriting
d. writing
a. pen emphasis
b. pen lift
c. pen
d. pen pressure
a. restoration
b. retrace
c. obliteration
d. shading
a. altered document
b. charred document
c. ambidextrous
d. blank paper
a. analysis
b. comparison
c. evaluation
d. bibliotics
a. document
b. holograph
c. charred document
d. questioned document
a. public document
b. private document
c. official document
d. commercial document
a. standards
b. requested exemplars
c. collected exemplars
d. post liten motan exemplars
a. diacritic
b. name
c. signature
d. standard
a. public document
b. private document
c. official document
d. commercial document
a. conventional signature
b. printed signature
c. fraudulent signature
d. highly conventional signature
a. conventional signature
b. printed signature
c. fraudulent signature
d. highly conventional signature
a. cursive writing
b. printed writing
c. script writing
d. natural writing
a. public document
b. private document
c. official document
d. commercial document
a.Typewriter
b.Computer
c.Printer
d.Fax machine
a. Angle measure
b. Cheque-writing machine
c. Microscope
d. Typewriter
a. Calligraphy
b. Holography
c. Graphology
d. Forgery
a. Calligraphy
b. Holography
c. Graphology
d. Forgery
a. Collected writings
b. Stolen writings
c. Request writings
d. Forced writings
a. Collected writings
b. Stolen writings
c. Request writings
d. Forced writings
a. Disputed Document
b. Collected document
c. Questioned document
c. Requested document
a. Penlifts and hesitation
b. Tremor
c. Patching
d. Smoothness of paper
a. Counterfeiting
b. Simulation
c. Forgery
d. Deceiving
a. Cursive
b. Graphic
c. Script
d. Braille