Questioned document 

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

 PAPYRUS - This came into use about 3,500 B.C. - people of

 Egypt. Palestine, Syria, and Southern Europe used the pith
 (soft spongy tissue of the stem) of the sedge (grass-like herb)
 CYPERUS PAPYRUS to make a writing material known as
 PAPYRUS.
 PARCHMENT - writing material made from skin of
 animals primarily of sheep, calves or goats - was probably developed
 in the Middle East more or less contemporaneously with papyrus.
 It came into wide use only in the 2nd century B.C. in the city of
 PERGAMUM in ANATOLIA.
 VELLUM - writing materials from fine skins from young calves or kids
 and the term (name) was often used for all kind of parchment
 manuscripts, it became the most important writing material for
 bookmaking, while parchment continued for special manuscripts.
 Almost every portable surface that would retain the marks of brush or
 pen was also used as a writing material during the early period.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
writing instrument
 REED PENS/SWAMP REED
 1. It came from especially selected water grasses found in Egypt,
Armenia and along the shores of the Persian Gulf, were prepared by
leaving them under dung heaps for several months.
 2. It was the first writing tool that had the writing end slightly frayed
like a brush. About 2,000 years B.C., this reed pen was first used in
NEAR EAST on papyrus and later on parchment.
 QUILL PEN
 1. Although quill pens can be made from the outer wing
feathers of any bird, those of goose, swan, crow and (later)
turkey, were preferred. The earliest reference (6th century
AD) to quill pens was made by the Spanish Theologian
ST. ISIDORE OF SEVILLE, and this tool was the
principal writing implement for nearly 1300 years.
 STEEL POINT PENS
 Although pens of bronze may have been known to Romans, the
 earliest mention of "BRAZEN PENS" was in 1465. The
 16th century Spanish calligrapher JUAN DE YCIAR mentions
 brass pens for very large writing in his 1548 writing manual, but
 the use of metal pens did not become widespread until the
 early part of the 19th century.
 FOUNTAIN PENS
 1. In 1884, LEWIS WATERMAN, a New York insurance agent,
 patented the first practical FOUNTAIN PEN containing its own
 ink reservoir. Waterman invented a mechanism that fed ink to
 the pen point by capillary action, allowing ink to flow evenly
 while writing.
 JOHN LOUD, in 1888, patented the first ball point
writing
 tool. A ballpoint pen has in its point a small rotating metal
ball that continually inks itself as it turns.
Questioned Document

 Is a document that is questioned because of its origin, its contents, or the

circumstances regarding its production arousing serious suspicion as to its
genuineness or it may adversely scrutinized simple because it displeases someone.
 ➢ A document to which an issue has been raised or which is under scrutiny. The
focal point of the examination and to which the document examiner relies as to
the extent of the problem. Also known as disputed document.
Document

 Generally, defined as any material containing marks,

symbols, or signs either visible, or partially visible that
may present or ultimately convey a meaning to someone,
maybe in the form of pencil, ink writing, typewriting, or
printing on paper.
Kinds of documents
 PUBLIC DOCUMENT- notarized by a notary public or competent public official
with solemnities required by law. (Cacnio vs. Baens, 5Phil.742)
 OFFICIAL DOCUMENT- issued by the government or its agents or its officers
having the authority to do and the offices, which in accordance with their creation,
they are authorized to issue and be issued in the performance of their duties.
 PRIVATE DOCUMENT- executed by a private person without the intervention of
a notary public or of any person legally authorized, by which documents some
disposition or agreement is proved, evidenced or set forth (US vs. Orera,
11Phil.596).
 COMMERCIAL DOCUMENT- executed in accordance with the Code
of Commerce or a Mercantile Law, containing disposition of commercial rights
or obligations.
The examination of questioned document

 Criminalistic examination- for detection of forgeries,

alterations and obliterations.

 Hand writing identification- to find out who is the author

of the writing
Process in scientific method of
examination
 Analysis- properties or characteristics of the unknown items determined thru
analysis are compared with the familiar or recorded properties of know items.
 Comparison- properties or characteristics of the unknown items determined thru
analysis are compared with the familiar or recorded properties of known items.
 Evaluation- similarities or dissimilarities in property or characteristics that have
certain value for identification are determined by their likelihood
Classes of Questioned Document
 Documents with questioned signatures;
 Questioned documents alleged to have been containing fraudulent alterations;
 Questioned or disputed holographic wills;
 Documents investigated on the question of typewriting;
 Questioned documents on issues of their age or date;
 Questioned documents on issues of material used in their production; and,
 Documents or writing investigated because it is all alleged that they identify some
persons through handwriting. 
• Documents with questioned
signature
 Most common disputed documents Signature of
which is under suspicion
 Under this class are found the traced, simulating
and copying forgery process
Documents containing alleged
fraudulent alterations
Documents in which it is alleged that
some of alteration was made by erasure,
addition, interlineation or substitution
Holograph documents
questioned or disputed
The writing of an entire written document is
all questioned.

A documents that is completely written and

sign
Documents attacked on the
question of their age or date
Documents in which the age of an instrument
or the age of some part of it is investigated
Documents in which the comparative age of
different parts may have some bearing on
the question of its genuineness
Documents attacked on the
question of material used in their
production
Documents shown to be false because
they were dated many years before the
paper was made on which they were
written
Documents investigated on the
questioned of type writings/computer
prints
Questioned that may be raised in the
document may either be the
used of the same machine at different time or
at different times
 on different machine
Documents or writing investigated because it is
alleged
that they identity some person
through hand writing
 Includes all documents which by their handwriting and contents tend to identify
some person Most common are anonymous and disputed letters
DOCUMENT EXAMINATION (In
General)
 A. VALUE -
 1. In the commission of a crime, the criminal often finds it
necessary to employ one or more documents in furtherance of his
act.
 2. In some crimes, such as forgery, the document is an integral
part of the crime.
 3. In others, such as false claims against government, documents
 often play an important part in proving the commission of the
 crime.
 4. Proof of the fact that a document was altered or made by a
 particular individual may show that:
 a. He committed the crime.
 b. He had knowledge of the crime.
 c. He was present in a certain locality at a specified time.dd
B. PURPOSE -

 a. Identity of the author.

 b. True contents of the document.
 c. Origin of the instrument or paper used in making the document.
 d. Alterations or erasures which have been made.
 e. Authenticity of the document.
THE LOGICAL PROGRESS OF
INQUIRY IN DOCUMENT
EXAMINATION
A. FIRST - ASCERTAIN THE FACTS: to
select "QUESTIONED",
"DENIED" or "ADMITTED",
"AUTHENTIC", and "DOUBTFUL"
documents.
 Concerning the Document in Questioned.
 a. Is only one signature in questioned?
 b. Is any part of the document in question?
 c. Is the date of the document in questioned?
 d.Is the paper or the typewriter used in the
document in questioned? Etc.
 Regarding the Standards:
 a. Make sure that there are sufficient numbers of authentic
 documents for comparison submitted. If there are
 inadequate standards, obtain more.
 b. Determine whether the standards are authentic ones, on
 which a foundation can be built for admitting them in
 evidence.
SECOND - ANALYZE THE DETAILS:
Synthesize the elements, date,
circumstances, conditions, technical problems
and the like.
 He should inquire about the circumstances and conditions as far as
the client knows, such as; was the document signed sitting on the
wall, on the lap, or lying in bed? Sitting on bed, lying on his back or
side? 
 For example, a document could have been signed in
 a moving automobile or while having a drink at the bar.
THIRD - QUALIFY THE CASE:

 How much time is needed for the examination?

 2. Is it possible to complete the study from the original papers, or is it
 necessary to make special photo-enlargements for proper
 Examination?
 3. If it is possible to make arrangements with the client for photo-
 enlargement, is it advisable to do so?
 4. Photo-enlargements are always useful for demonstrating the
 reasons on which the opinion is based, especially in Court.
 Who Conducts the Preliminary Examination? – It
should be conducted by a QUESTIONED
DOCUMENT EXPERT.
 D. Who is a Questioned Document Expert? A Questioned Document
 Expert is one who has:
 1. Attained the appropriate education and training;
 2. Sufficient knowledge on the technical, scientific, and legal
aspects
 of document examinations; and
 3. A broad experience in handling questioned document cases.
 REASONS FOR UTILIZING A QUESTIONED DOCUMENT
 EXPERT:
 1. Assurance of preparedness;
 2. Trial fiscal or judges are infrequently confronted with document
 cases; consequently, they do not possess the knowledge of the
 documents expert's ability of the various methods that exist for
 determining forgeries.
 3. Avoidance of an “OFF-HAND” opinion.
STANDARD DOCUMENT

 Document in which the origin is known can be

proven
 Canlegally be used as sample to compare with
other things is questioned.
TYPE OF STANDARD

 Collected- Standard specimen executed in the

regular course of man’s activity or that which are
executed on the day to day writing activity
•Requested-A standard document which
are executed upon request, they are  prepared at
one time. 
 made upon the request of an Investigator. 
HANDWRITING IDENTIFICATION

 itis the result of a very complicated series of acts,

being as a whole, a combination of certain forms of
visible mental muscular habits
  acquired by long continued painstaking effort.
CLASS  CHARACTERISTICS
those characteristics of writing that
are common to a group and not peculiar to
a single person
 INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS 
 -those characteristics which are highly personal or
peculiar to a particular person and is unlikely to
occur in other instances
WRITING CHARACTERISTICS

 SYSTEM OF WRITING- the combination of the

basic design of letters and the writing movement as
taught in school
-the particular style or system of writing practiced
or learned in Childhood.
HABIT- any repeated element or detail which
may serve to individualize writing
 SIGNIFICANT WRITING HABIT
 any characteristics of handwriting  which is
sufficiently unique and well- fixed to serve as a
fundamental point in the identification
LINE QUALITY-the visible record in the
written stroke of the basic movements
and manner of holding the writing instrument
SKILL- relative degree of the ability of
the writer and a specimen of handwriting
usually containing evidence of a writer’s
proficiency
 RHYTHM- that element of the writing movement which is
marked by regular or periodic recurrence
- harmonious recurrence of stress or impulse or motion
-the balanced quality of movement, producing a natural
and not a constrained or artificial result
-it may be classified as smooth, intermittent or jerky in its
quality
 SPEED
- can be classified into four divisions:
 a) slow and drawn
 b) deliberate
 c) average
 d) rapid
 SHADING
-the widening of the ink stroke due to added
pressure on a flexible pen point or the use of a stub
pen
- the more obvious increase in the width of strokes
PEN EMPHASIS
- the act of intermittently forcing the pen
against the paper surface with increased
pressure
 PEN POSITION OR PEN HOLD
- the relationship between the pen point and paper
-the angle between the ribs of the pen and the line
of writing
- the manner of holding the pen or the writing
instrument
 PEN PRESSURE
-the average force with which the pen contacts the
paper
-one of the most personal and hidden writing
characteristics
 PEN LIFTS
- an interruption in a stroke caused by removing
the writing instrument from the paper
-one of those inconspicuous and unconscious
writing habit
-disconnections between letters and letter
combinations
Factors that affect writing characteristics:

Natural Variations – is the usual or normal

deviation found in a repeated specimen of an
individual’s handwriting or in the product of
any typewriter.
Transitory Change – meant to those changes
which only continue to exist while the basic
cause of the deterioration is still affecting the
writer, once such cause has been removed
from the writer, the writing will revert in its
normal form.
 TREMOR
- deviations from uniform strokes or the lack of
smoothness apparent even without magnification
 a. Genuine Tremor
 1. Weakness of sickness
 2. Old age
 3. Illiteracy (lack of skills)
 b. Tremor of Fraud
Writing Conditions – refer to all factors
affecting the over-all quality of writing such
as the writer’s condition under which the
writing was prepared.
Characteristicsof individual handwriting
may be identified and analyzed further in
the elements that follow:
 Body

 Themain portion of the letter which remain when the

upper and lower projection, upstrokes and terminal strokes
and diacritics are removed.

Q
p
 Diacritics

 Are element added to complete a letter; “t”

crossing and dots of the
 letters “i” and “j”.
Eye/eyelet

A minute or small loop or curve formed

inside the letter,
FOOT

is the base or bottom of a letter that

lies on the line of writing
BASELINE‐

is the ruled or imaginary line which

letter rest
 HIATUS –
  may be regarded as a special form of pen lift
distinguishable in that a perceptible gap appear in
writing, through sometimes hiatus are caused by
failure of ink to register on a paper due to speed of
writing movement
 HOOK –
  a minute and involuntary talon like formation often found
at the
 commencement of an initial upstrokes on at the end of
terminal
  strokes.
Arc – the rounded inner part of
an upper curve, bend or crook,
Beard – is an introductory up and down
strokes found in some capital letters. 
Buckle Knot - is a horizontal or loop strokes
used to complete letters A, H, F and D.
Stem/shank/staff – is considered as the
backbone of the letter
KINDS OF MOVEMENT in handwriting

 1. Finger Movement – the thumb, the first, second and slightly the
 third fingers are in actual motion. Most usually employed by
 children and illiterates. 
 2. Hand Movement  produced by the movement or action of the
 whole hand with the wrist as the center of attraction.
 3. Forearm Movement – the movement of the shoulders, hand and
 arm with the support of the table.
 4. Whole Forearm Movement – action of the entire arm without
 resting, i.e. blackboard writing.
Some kinds of muscles which function in
the act of Writing
 1. Extensor muscles
– in charge of pushing up the pen to form
the upward strokes and ease the tension produced
as result of flexion.
Flexor muscles
– in charge to push the pen to form
downward strokes.
LUMBRICAL MUSCLES
combine with the extensor and the flexor to
form lateral strokes
 •Bibliotics Is the science of handwriting analysis

 The study of documents and writing

 materials to determine its
 genuineness or authorship
 Disguised handwriting
 Is the deliberate attempt on the part of the writer to alter his
 writing habit by endeavoring to invent a new writing style or by
 imitating the writing of another person.
PHYSICAL METHODS OF
DISGUISING
HANDWRITING
By changing the direction of the slant.( the forger may employ a


 backhand slant, instead of the usual forehand slant.

 • By increasing or decreasing the speed in writing
 • By deliberate carelessness that will produce inferior style of writing
 • The forger may use the left hand instead of the right hand
 • Hand printing may be substituted for script.
 SIGNATURE
 isthe name of person written by himself s a sign of acknowledgement or
recognition.
 Model signature
➢ Genuine signature which has been used in preparing a simulated or
traced forgery.
 Evidential Signature
➢ Specimen signature which was executed in particular date, particular
time and place, under a
 particular writer’s condition and for a particular purpose.
 Classes of Signature
 1. Formal or complete
 ➢ Used in signing very important document
 2. Informal or cursory
 ➢ Used for routine document
 3. Careless scribble
 ➢ Used for not so important document such as delivery of mail or receipt of
purchase equipment etc.
CLASSES OF DISPUTED SIGNATURES

 1) SIMPLE FORGERY forged signatures where no

attempt has
 been made to make a copy of facsimile of the genuine
signature of the person purporting to sign the document
SIMULATED FORGERY
forged signatures which resemble the
genuine signature written free-hand
 TRACED FORGERY
 forged signatures which closely resemble the genuine
signature since they have been produced by a tracing
 Process.
Kinds of Tracing Method

 1. Carbon Process- carbon paper is interlined

 between the genuine signature and the
 document intended to be forged or placed at the
 top.
Indention Process- intended or canal like
outline of the genuine signature. Tracing
with considerable pressure the outline of
the signature with a sharp pointed instrument.
Transmitted light Process- strong light
directed through the two sheets of paper
either
from below or behind.
SUGGESTED STEPS IN THE
EXAMINATION OF SIGNATURE
STEP 1 - Place the questioned and the
standard signatures in the juxta- position or
slide-by-side for simultaneous viewing of the
various elements and characteristics.
 STEP 2 - The first element to be considered is the
handwriting movement or the manner of execution (slow,
deliberate, rapid, etc). The fundamental difference existing
between a genuine signature and an almost perfect
forgery is in the manner of execution.
 STEP 3 - Second elements to examine is the
quality of the line, the presence or tremors, smooth,
fluent or hesitation. Defect in line quality is
only appreciated when simultaneous viewing is
made.
 STEP 4 - Examine the beginning and ending lines,
they are very significant, determine whether the
appearance blunt, club-shaped, tapered
or/vanishing.
 STEP 5 - Design and structure of the letters - Determine as
to roundness, smoothness, angularity and direction. Each
individual has a different concept of letter design.
 STEP 6 - Look for the presence of retouching or
patching.
 STEP 7 - Connecting strokes, slant, ratio, size,
lateral spacing.
 STEP 8 - Do not rely so much in the similarity or
difference of the capital letters, for these are the
often changed according to the whim of the writer.
ALTERATIONS

 a) ERASURE – the removal of writing, typewriting or printing

 from a document through either mechanical or chemical means
 b) ADDITION – any matter made a part of the document after its
 original preparation
 c) SUBSTITUTION – the replacing of the original writing, or part of
 such writing, with another
 INSERTION OR INTERLINEATION – the addition of writing and other
 material between lines or paragraphs, or the addition of a whole page to a
document
 e) OBLITERATION – the blotting out or smearing over the writing
 to make the original invisible or indecipherable
METHODS USED IN THE
EXAMINATION OF DOCUMENTS
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION- any
study or examination which is made with the
microscope in order to discover minute
physical details
TRANSMITTED LIGHT EXAMINATION
the document is viewed with the source of
illumination behind it and the light passing
through the paper
 ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT EXAMINATION 
 may be made visually or photographically by
recording either the
 reflected ultraviolet or visible radiation
INFRA-RED EXAMINATION -employs
invisible radiation which is
recorded on specially sensitized photographic
emulsions
 OBLIQUE OR SIDE LIGHT EXAMINATION
 illumination is controlled and grazes or strikes the
surface of the document from one side at a very
low angle
INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS
USED IN QUESTIONED DOCUMENT
EXAMINATIONS
 MAGNIFYING LENS – Bank personnel and other people involved
in
 currency examinations usually use and ordinary hand-lens; the
 maximum diameter of which is four inches, and this appears big
with
 its wide frame it has a magnifying power of two times the original
only.
 Magnifying lenses of five times or more magnifying power, with
built-
 in-lighting are more useful.
 SHADOWGRAPH – a pictorial image formed by
casting a shadow,
 usually of the hands, upon a rightful surface or
screen.
  STEREOSCOPIC BINOCULAR
MICROSCOPE – a tri-dimensional
 (3D) enlargement is possible.
 MEASURES AND TEST PLATES (TRANSPARENT GLASS)
  – those used for signatures and typewriting.

  TABLE LAMPS WITH ADJUSTABLE SHADES (Goose Neck

 Lamps) – used for controlled illumination; needed in sidelight
 examination wherein light is placed at a low-angle in a position
 oblique to plane or document.
HANDLING OF DOCUMENTS AND
QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS
 A. THE CARE OF DISPUTED DOCUMENTS AND DOCUMENTARY
 EVIDENCE
 1. It is a basic requirement, that when a document becomes disputed
 and deposited in court or with the attorney, in order
 to maintain its original condition, it should be kept UNFOLDED
 AND IN A SEPARATE, PROPER SIZE ENVELOPE OR
 FOLDER. This is true not only for the disputed documents, but for
 many other important documentary evidence.
 Itis also advisable that right after the document
becomes disputed, or questioned, it is important to make
not only the usual photo static copy (Xerox), but also a
proper photograph or photo- enlargement, done if possible
by the document expert or under the supervision of the
document expert.
 When working in the preparation of case, it is often
 necessary for the lawyer or court to handle repeatedly the disputed
document. Should this be necessary, instead of handling and
working with the original document, the photograph should be used.
 Every touching, folding, refolding or pointing to certain parts of a
 document, can change the physical condition of the
 case. For example, touching with wet hands or fingers can create
 smearing in the ink, pointing with a pencil can leave marks that
 create a suspicion of previous pencil marks, or experiments as
 proof of attempted forgery.
DO's and DON'T's in the CARE,
HANDLING AND
PRESERVATION OF DOCUMENTS
 “DO’S”
 a. Take disputed papers to Document Examiner's Laboratory
 at the First Opportunity.
 b. If storage is necessary, keep in dry place away from
 excessive heat strong light.
 c. Maintain in consequential document, unfolded and in
 transparent plastic envelope or evidence preserver.
 “DONT’S”
 a. Do not underscore, make careless markings, fold, erase,
 impress rubber stamps, sticker, write on, or otherwise alter
 any handwriting.
 b. Do not smear with fingerprints powder or chemicals.
 c. Do not carry handwriting document carelessly in wallet,
 notebook or brief case on grounds of interviews.
 d. Do not handle disputed papers excessively or carry then in
 pocket for a long time.
 Do
 not marked disputed documents (either by consciously
 writing instruments or dividers)
 f. Do not mutilate or damage by repeated refolding, creasing,
 cutting, tearing or punching for filing purposes.
 g. Do not allow anyone except qualified specialist to make
 chemical or other tests; do not treat or dust for latent finger
 prints before consulting a document examiner.
 TYPEWRITER defined/explained
 • A machine that can reproduce printed characters on papers or that can produce
printed letters and figures on paper.
 Class characteristics

 Those characteristics which serves to distinguish it from any other

 machine, such as:
 • Manufactures characteristics
 • Size and design of the type
 • Line and letter spacing
 A type writer has 44 keys with 88 character, each operating
 independently of one another and each being capable of damage or having
inherent defects.
 Consequently, a variety of combination of these defects may be basis
of typewriter identification.
 Defects‐

 any abnormality or mal‐alignment in a typewriter which is

reflected in its work and which leads to its
individualization or identification.
 Horizontal Mal‐Alignment –

 analignment defect in which the character prints to

the right or left of its proper position
 Mal‐Alignment –
 is synonymous with the term “alignment defects”

 Off‐Its Feet
 – the condition of a type face printing heavier on one side or corner
 than over the remainder of its outline.
 Permanent Defect –

 any identifying typewriter characteristics which can be

eliminated by cleaning the machine or replacing the
ribbon.
 Transitory Defect –

 any identifying typewriter characteristic which can be

eliminated by
 cleaning the machine or replacing the ribbon.
 Type Face
 – the printing of the type block

 Vertical Mal‐Alignment 
 - a character printing above or below its proper position.
 It serves as the focal points of all document examination and it is where the
document examiner relies as to the determination of the appropriate examination
and the extent of the problem involved.

 A. Questioned document
 B. disputed document
 C. Standard document
 D. evidential document

ANS C
 There are three legal forms of evidence as provided in the rules of evidence.
Which of the following forms of evidence, is considered as the highest form of
proof being the one directly addressed to the senses of the court.

 A. Real or object
 B. Documentary
 C. Testimonial
 D. Experimental

ANS A
 Specimen Document which are executed in the ordinary or
 regular course of man’s activity.

 A. Standard
 B. Collected or procured
 C. Requested or dictated
 D. Day to day standard

ANS B
 In document examination when referring to contemporary
 documents this refers to______?

 A. Document which is more than 5 years before and after.

 B. Document which are not more than 5 years before and
 after
 C. Document which are more than 30 years
 D. Document which are not more than 20 years

ANS B
 It is a classification of document in which it is issued by a public official in the
exercise of the functions of his office.
 A. Public Document
 B. Official Document
 C. Private Document
 D. Commercial document

ANS B
 Questioned document examination is known by many names except one: 
 A. Forensic Document Examination 
 B. Document Classification 
 C. Handwriting Examination
 D. Handwriting Analysis

ANS B
 A signature in a check is suspected to have been forged. The signatory does not
remember categorically whether he had issued the check. The signature was
compared with a genuine signature but both were in the same in size and shape.
What will be your conclusion about the signature?
 A. Genuine; the signatory only forgot the issuance of the check 
 B. Genuine; both signatures are exactly the same in size and shape
 C. Forgery; the signatory just want to deny the issuance of the check 
 D. Forgery; no signature is exactly the same in all aspects when compared 

ANS D
 The rounded inner part of an upper curve, bend or crook of a letter.
 A. Humps 
 B. Blunt 
 C. Arc 
 D. Beard 

ANS C
 . It refers to any form of changes either by addition or deletion to the original
document which is not a content of its original preparation.
 A. Erasure 
 B. Alteration
 C. Mechanical Erasure  
 D. Chemical Erasure 

ANS B
 It is a process of spreading too much ink over an original writing to make it
undecipherable or illegible.
 A. Obliteration 
 B. Charred Document
 C. Contact Writing 
 D. Invisible Writing 

ANS A
 The process of making out what is illegible or what has been effaced. 
 A. Comparison 
 B. Collation 
 C. Obliteration 
 D. Decipherment

ANS D
 It is term as “the backbone of the letter” characterized by a long downward
stroke.    
 A. Stem
 B. Initial/terminal Spur 
 C. Through 
 D. Whirl 

ANS A
 It is an additional stroke that serves as an ornament or artistic design to a letter
which is not relevant to a writing.
 A. Embellishment 
 B. Rubrics 
 C. Diacritics 
 D. A or B 

ANS D
 It refers to the average or usual pressure applied in the writing.
 A. Pen Pressure 
 B. Pen Emphasis
 C. Rhythm 
 D. Skills 

ANS A
 It is an interruption in the stroke caused by the immediate removal of the writing
pen from the surface of the paper.
 A. Pen Position
 B. Pen Scope 
 C. Shading 
 D. Pen Lift

ANS D 
 It is the stroke which goes back over the previous writing strokes.
 A. Retracing 
 B. Retouching 
 C. Patching 
 D. Shading 

ANS A
 It is the usual or normal individual’s handwriting.
 A. Transitory Change
 B. Natural Variations 
 C. Tremor 
 D. Writing Conditions 

ANS B
 A person who can write either with his left or right hand is called–
 A. Ambidextrous 
 B. Analogous 
 C. Hydrocephalous
 D. Dextrous 

ANS A
 In the history of questioned document examination, who was the British examiner
of questioned document who said that an intelligent police investigator can detect
almost 75% of all forgeries by careful inspection of a document with simple
magnifiers and measuring tools was;
 A. Alphonse Bertillion
 B. Detective Allen Pinkerton 
 C. Dr. Wilson Harrison
 D. Richard Henry

ANS C
 A fluid or viscous marking material used for writing or printing.
 A. Pen 
 B. Ink 
 C. Coal 
 D. Chalk 

ANS B
 A kind of erasure by using a rubber eraser, sharp knife, razor blade or picking
instrument. 
 A. Mechanical Erasure
 B. Electronic Erasure 
 C. Magnetic Erasure 
 D. Chemical Erasure

ANS A
 What is the first step in the procurement of handwriting exemplars?
 A. Request for standard specimen
 B. Study of the questioned specimen
 C. Determine the writing instrument and paper used
 D. Arrange for normal writing condition

ANS B
 An instrument used in examination of water markings and fiber arrangement
where the source of light is coming either from the back or at the bottom of the
paper surface?

 A. oblique light examination

 B. side light
 C. ultra-violet light
 D. transmitted light
ANS D 
 Stroke interruption caused by moving the writing instrument from the paper.
 A. Pen lift
 B. Pen movement
 C. Flying start
 D. Pen pressure

ANS A
 A traced forgery of signature is not really a writing but a ___.

 A. Retouching
 B. Drawing
 C. Patching
 D. tremor of fraud

ANS B
 A traced forgery of signature is not really a writing
 but a ___.

 A. Retouching
 B. Drawing
 C. Patching
 D. tremor of fraud

ANS B
 Is a type of writing movement that gives a great freedom of movement. Also
considered as the most skillful type of movement.

 A. finger movement
 B. hand movement
 C. forearm movement
 D. whole arm movement

ANS C
 Is the visible record of the written strokes resulting from a combination of various
factors associated to the motion of the pen. Is the overall quality of the strokes.

 A. movement
 B. line quality
 C. writing habits
 D. significant writing habits

ANS B
 Is a specimen of writing prepared with deliberate intent of altering the usual
writing habits in the hope of hiding his identity.

 A. disguised writing
 B. handlettering
 C. cursive
 D. block capital

ANS A 
 What is that type of signature which has been made in a particular date, time,
place and at a particular purpose of recording it.

 A. model signature
 B. evidential signature
 C. standard signature
 D. guided signature

ANS B
 Who is regarded as the grandfather of modern graphology?

 A. Aristotle
 B. Albert Osborne
 C. Jean Hippolyte Michon
 D. Camillo Baldi

ANS C 
 There are materials which contain marks, signs or symbols, either visible or
partially visible, that may convey a meaning or message to someone. These are
called
 A. questioned documents
 B. disputed document
 C. documents
 D. handwritings

ANS D
 .A document which contains some changes either as an
 addition or deletion.
 A. inserted document
 B. altered document
 C. disputed document
 D. obliterated document

ANS B
 Standards which are prepared upon the request of the Investigator and for the
purpose of comparison with the questioned document.
 A. relative standards
 B. collected standards
 C. extended standards
 D. requested standards

ANS D
 The study of handwriting to determine one's
 personality traits is called
 A. handwriting analysis
 B. graphology
 C. dactyloscopy
 D. fecalysis

ANS B
 It is a ruled plastic or glass plates used in examination of handwriting slant.

 A. Typewriting measuring test plates

 B. handwriting slope measuring test plates
 C. protractor
 D. compass

ANS B
 It is a typeface defect in which the print provides a double or overlapping
impression.
 A. Actual Breakage 
 B. Rebound 
 C. Actual Breakage  
 D. Clogged Typeface

ANS B
 It is a type of conventional typewriter in which the characters is 12 inch horizontal
 A. Pica 
 B. Elite 
 C. Typewriter 
 D. Betamax

ANS B
 A substance capable of bleaching ink
 a. Superimposing ink 
 b. sympathetic ink
 c. ink eradicator 
 d. invisible ink

Ans C
 What should be used to make the examiner discover or see minute physical details
of the writings in a document which would not be possible by merely using
his naked eye?

 A. Transmitted light examination

 B. Infra-red light examination
 C. Microscopic examination
 D. Preliminary examination
ANS C