Personal identification

 PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION 
 Law of Multiplicity of Evidence – The greater the
number of similarities and dissimilarities; the
greater is  the probability for the conclusion to be
correct. 
 1. Comparison – With the use of standard specimen,
evidence under question can be compared in order to 
effect identification. 
 2.Exclusion – If two or more persons have to be
identified and all but one is not yet identified, then one
whose  identity has not been established may be known by
the process of elimination. 
FIRST KNOWN METHOD OF
IDENTIFICATION 
 Tattoo Marks – A method adopted by tribes during
ancient times signifying their clan and family. It is barely 
used as identification but purely utilized for the purpose of
ornamentation. It is not reliable means of  identification
because it can be duplicated, changed or disfigured. 
 Scarification – A means of identification by
cutting or wounding some parts of the body that
forms scars in  time and forms pattern after healing
which serves as an identification.
 Mannerisms – These are the characteristic movements of the body
peculiar to persons. 
• Way of sitting
• Movement of the hands 
• Movement of the body 
• Movement of the facial muscles 
• Expression of the mouth while articulating 
• Manner of learning 
NATURE OF FINGERPRINTS

 A FINGERPRINT is a composite of the ridge outlines

which appears on the skin surface of the bulbs on the
inside of the end of joints of the  fingers and thumbs. The
ridges appearing in a fingerprint are commonly  referred to
as papillary or frictional ridges. The ridges have a definite
contour  and appear in definite individual details by which
positive identification can be made. 
Are there any early publication
concerning Fingerprints?
1684-Nehemiah Grew published a
report which was read before  the royal
society of London, England. He
described the ridges and  pores of the
hands and feet
1685-G. Bidloo published a treaty
describing sweat pores and 
ridges
Marcelo malphigi- professor at the
university of Bolognia, Italy know for his
discovery of the epidermis and dermis layer 
 J.C.A. Mayer – The first to state
the fingerprints are never duplicated
in two persons. 
 . Sir Jean Johannes Purkenjie 
 A professor in physiology, theology and anatomy at the University
of Breslau, Germany. Established a certain  role for classification
and be able to identify nine (9) types of pattern although never
associated to identification.
 Hintzo wrote on the ridge formation, but dealt with
the  subject from the viewpoint of anatomy rather
than identification. 

 1764-Albinus followed along the same lines as

Hintzo had written
 1856-Herman Welcker took the prints of his own palm.
In 1897, 
 (forty one years later) he printed the same palm to prove
that the 
 prints do not change. 
 1858-Sir William
J. Herschel (FATHER OF
CHIROSCOPY), in 
 Hoogly, district of Bengal, India, he used fingerprints in
India to prevent fraudulent collection of army pay account
and for  identification of other documents. He printed the
palms of natives in order to avoid impersonation among
laborers. Prints of the  entire palms were used instead of
signatures. The first person Herschel printed appears to
have been one RAJYADHAR KONAI. 
 1880-Dr. Henry Faulds, an English (Scottish)
doctor stationed in 
 Tokyo,Japan, wrote a letter to the English
publication, “NATURE” 
– “On the Skin Furrows of the Hand”, (dtd Oct.
28, 1880) on the  practical use of fingerprints for
the identification of criminals. He  recommended
the use of a thin film of printers ink as a
transfer  medium and is generally used today.
1880-Sir Francis Galton, a noted British
anthropologist and a  cousin of scientist
Charles Darwin began observation which led
to  the publication in 1882 of his book
“Fingerprints.” Galton’s studies  established
the individuality of classifying fingerprint
patterns
1882-Gilbert Thompson, a U.S. geological
surveyor in charge of  a field project in New
Mexico used his own fingerprints
in  commissary orders to prevent forgery
Isaiah West Taber – A photographer
in San Francisco advocated  the use
of the system for the registration of
the immigrant Chinese
Twain (Samuel L. Clemens) further
developed his theme. 
Eleven (11) years later, he causes the
publication of “Puddin Head  Wilson”, a
novel based on dramatic fingerprint
identification  demonstrated during a court
trial. His story pointed out the  infallibility of
fingerprint identification.
 1888-Sir Edward Richard Henry succeeded Sir William
J.  Herschel at his post in India. He became interested in
fingerprints  and devised a classification of his own and
published his work in  book form and titled it
“Classification and Uses of  Fingerprints.” 
-Juan Vucetich, an Argentinean police
official, installed  fingerprints files as an
official means of criminal
identification; based his system of the pattern
typed by Sir Francis Galton; and 
he also claimed the first official criminal
identification by means of  fingerprints left at
the scene of crime
Frederick Kuhne published a book entitled
“The Fingerprint  Instructor,” which probably
the first authoritative book in fingerprint  to
be circulated in the U.S. Munn and Co.,
served as the  publisher. 
1910-Frederick A. Brayley published
what appears to be the first 
American book in fingerprints.
Development of Fingerprints in the
Philippines?
1900-Mr. Jones was the first to teach
fingerprints in the Philippines  in the Phil.
Constabulary.
1918-The Bureau of Prisons records show
that carpetas 
(commitment and conviction records) already
bear fingerprints
 Under the management of Lt. Asa N. Darby
during the American  occupation in the Philippines,
a modern and complete fingerprint file  has been
established for the Philippine commonwealth.
 -Thefirst Filipino fingerprint technician
employed by the 
 Phil. Constabulary was Mr. Generoso Reyes.
Capt. Thomas Dugan of New York City Police
Department and Mr. Flaviano C.  Gurrero of the
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) gave the
first  examinations in fingerprints
 Thescience of fingerprinting was first offered as a
subject in the  Philippines through the effort of the
Plaridel Educational  Institution.
STUDYING FINGERPRINTS

1. Principleof Individuality – There are

no two  fingerprints that are exactly alike
unless taken from the same  finger. 
Principle of Permanency –The configuration
and details of individual ridges remain
constant  and unchanging till after the final
decomposition of the body
 Principle of Infallibility – That fingerprint is a
reliable means of  personal identification and all
courts accept and adopt fingerprint  as a means of
personal identification. 
 Fingerprints offer a reliable means of personal
identification. That is the essential explanation for
fingerprints  having replaced other methods of establishing
the identities of criminals reluctant to admit previous
arrests. That  is why, it stands out among the
different methods in identifying persons involved in the
commission of a crime. 
 Phalange- is the skeletal finger covered with friction skin. 
 Basal or proximal phalange- it is located at the base of the finger
nearest the palm
 Middle phalange- the next and above the basal done
 Terminal phalange- the particular bone covered with friction skin,
having all the different types of fingerprint patterns and it is located
near the tip of the finger
Friction skin

Is an epidermal hairless skin found

on the ventral or lower surface of the
hands and feet covered with the
ridges and furrows.
Component of 
 1. Ridge surface 
 a.Ridge – an elevated or hill like structure/ the black lines with tiny white
dots. 
 b. Furrow – the depressed or canal like structure/ the white space between
ridges. 
 2.Sweat pores – the tiny openings that serve as exits of sweat/ the tiny
white dots. 
 3. Sweat duct – it serves as the passage way. 
 4. Sweat glands – the producers of sweat. 
Fundamental Layers of the Friction
Skin 
 1. Epidermis – the outermost layer 
• Stratum Corneum - the outermost layer of the
epidermis 
• Stratum mucosum - Mucous or Malpighian
layer of the skin. 
 2.Dermis – the inner layer containing the blood
vessel, dermal papillae, various glands and nerves. 
 Ridge Formation: 
 Ridges start to form in the fingers and thumb during the 3rd
to 4th month of the fetus’ life Dermal Papillae 
 These are irregular pegs composed of delicate connective
tissue protruding and forming the ridges of the skin  on the
fingers, palms, toes and soles of the feet.  
 Ridge Destruction 
 The destruction of the friction skin can either be temporary
or permanent. Generally temporary destruction  occurs
when only the epidermis layer of the friction skin has been
damaged, while permanent damage can be  injected to the
friction skin due to damage to the dermis layer. Such
permanency in the damage may cause scar  or termed as
“Sicatriz”. 
 General Rules on Ridge Destruction: 
• Epidermis – temporary 
• Dermis – permanent damage 
•Cut - a depth of more than 1 mm will constitute
permanent scar, while less than 1mm is temporary. 
What are the Types of Ridge
Formation?
Recurving ridge – is a ridge that
curves back in the direction in which
it started. 
Converging Ridges – Two or more lines
forming an angle, a ridge  whose closed end
is angular and serves as a point
of  convergence.
 Diverging ridges – Two ridges running side by
side and suddenly  separating, one ridge going one
way and the other ridge, another way.
Bifurcating ridges – A single ridge
which splits into two ridges 
forming a “Y” shape formation or
structure.
Island, Eyelet, lake or Eye – it is a
single ridge which bifurcates where the
bifurcating ridges converge at a certain
point to form  again into a single ridge. 
Dot or Series of Dots – They are
fragmentary ridges formed like a 
dot or dots.
Short or Series of Short Ridges – they
are fragmentary ridges  formed by short
or series of short ridges
Ridge Ending - It is a termination or
ending of ridge or ridges
 Fragmentary Ridges – They consist of disconnected
sequences  of short ridges embodied intensely. These
ridges are considered  in the classification of fingerprints if
they appear as dark and as  thick as the surrounded ridges
within the pattern area.
Incipient  – This is a kind of ridge
which is  madly formed, thin, short or
broken which appears in the depressions
between two well-formed ridges.
Sufficient Recurve – The space between
shoulders of a loop, free  of any
appendage, and a butting at right angle.
Appendage – A short ridge at the
top or summit of a recurve 
usually at right angle. 
Core – It is a point on a ridge formation
usually located at the  center or heart of a
pattern. 
 Delta or Triradial Point – It a point on the first
ridge formation at  or directly in front or near the
center of the divergence of the type  lines.
Envelop – Is a single recurving ridge
enclosing one or more rods  or bars.
Friction ridges – Are strips of skin on the
inside of the end joints of our fingers and
thumbs by which fingerprints are made.
They  are also called papillary ridges or
epidermal ridges. 
 Furrows – Are depressions or canals between the
ridges which  maybe compared with the low area
in a tire tread.
Rod or Bar – is a single ending ridge at the
center of a recurving  ridge of a loop pattern.
Up thrust - Is an ending ridge of any
length rising at a sufficient  degree from
a horizontal place.
 Shoulder of a loop – It is that point at which the
recurving ridge  definitely turns or curves.
Ridge counting and Ridge tracing

 1.  Ridge Counting – It refers to the process of counting the 

 intervening ridges that touch or cross an imaginary line drawn 
 between the core and the delta. 

 2.  Ridge Tracing – Is the process of tracing the ridges that emanate 

 from the lower side of the left delta towards the right delta to see 
 where it flows in relation to the right delta. 
 Divisions of Fingerprint Patterns
 A. LOOPS 
 1. ulnar 
 2. radial 
 B. ARCHES 
 1. Tented 
 2. Plain 
 C. WHORLS 
 1. Plain whorl 
 2. Central pocket loop whorl 
 3. Double loop whorl 
 4. Accidental whorl 
FINGERPRINT PATTERNS

Radial Loop - “R” - derived its name

from the radius bone of the forearm; it is
one type of fingerprint patterns in which
the ridges run its direction to the radius
bone or to the thumb.
Ulnar Loop is one type of fingerprint pattern
in which the ridges  flow toward the ulnar
bone or little finger. Ulnar loop
therefore  derived its name from the ulna
bone of the forearm, or little finger.  Its
symbol is letter “U” in classification
purposes. 
 Take Note - A pattern to be a loop must have the 
 following four (4) essential requisites: 
 a. It must have a core 
 b. It must have a delta 
 c. An imaginary line must pass between the core and the delta 
 d.  It must have a ridge count of at least (1)
 Plain Whorl - Symbolized by letter “W” in the
classification. It is a  fingerprint pattern which
there are two (2) deltas and in which at  least one
(1) ridge makes a turn through one complete
circuit, an  imaginary line drawn between the two
(2) deltas must touch or  cross at least one (1) of
the circuiting whorl ridges within the  pattern area.
Central pocket loop – is a pattern which
possesses two deltas with one or more ridges
forming a complete circuit,  which maybe oval,
spiral or circular: or it is a pattern consisting of
two deltas, with one or more recurving ridges
with  an obstruction at right angle to the inner line
of flow, and when an imaginary line was drawn
between two deltas, it  should not touch or cross
any circuiting ridge. 
  Doubleloop – this pattern consists of two separate and distinct
loop formations, with sets of shoulders and two  deltas.  
 Elements: 
 a. Two separate loop formations 
 b. Two separate and distinct sets of shoulder 
 c. Two deltas 
 Accidental whorl – this is a pattern consisting of a
combination of two different types of pattern such
as a loop  and a whorl, a loop and a central pocket
loop, or any combination of two different loop and
whorl type pattern, but it  cannot be a combination
of a plain arch with any pattern. It can have two or
more deltas. 
Plain Arch - Symbolized by letter “A”
in the classification. It is a  fingerprint
pattern in which the ridges enter on one
side of the  pattern and flow towards the
other side with a rise at the center  
 Tented Arches - Symbolized by letter “T” in the
classification. It is a variety of arch family, but their ridge
formations are not simple as those of the plain arch, 
 a. One or several ridges in the center of the form  an up
thrust. 
 b. The ridge or ridges in the center formed a  well-defined
angle. 
 c. The pattern may have two or three or four  essential
requisites of a loop pattern. 
The Two Fingerprint Terminus (Focal
Points) 
 1. The Delta (also called the outer terminus) is a point
along a ridge formation found at the center or near the 
center of the diverging type lines.  
 2. The Core (also known as the heart or the inner
terminus) usually found at the center or innermost recurve
of the  type lines. 
 Rules on Selecting Delta 

 1.Delta must be located midway between the diverging

type lines at or just in front or where they  diverge. 
 2.In order for a bifurcation to be selected it should open
towards the core. 
 3.When there is a bifurcation and other type possible delta
the bifurcation is selected. 
 4. If there are two or more possible deltas none is
bifurcation, the one nearest the core should be  chosen. 
 Rules in Selecting Core 

 1.The core is the heart of the fingerprint pattern it is usually

found inside the innermost sufficient  recurve in a loop or at
the center of the circuiting ridge. 
 2.In case that the innermost recurve contains an appendage,
the core is located on the next  innermost recurve without
appendage. 
Types of fingerprint impression

 1. Rolled Impression – a fingerprint impression taken

individually by rolling each finger from one side to
the other  side and from the tip to the end of the first
joint. 
 2. Plain Impression – an impression made by
simultaneously pressing the finger to the card, used as
a reference to  classification.  
Basic Instrument in taking prints: 
.Ink Slab – It refers to a metallic or glass plate
with as ¼ thick and 6 or more inches long
where the fingerprint  ink is distributed/spread
for fingerprinting. 
2. Ink Roller – is a rubber made roller designed
to spread the fingerprint ink to the slab. 
 3. Fingerprint Ink – is a special form of ink designed for
taking fingerprint impression sometimes submitted  with a
printer’s ink. 
4.  Fingerprint card – is an 8” x 8” card designed for
recording fingerprint impression 
 5. Card holder – usually a fixed card holder placed in a flat
table designed to prevent the movement of the  card in the
course of the taking of the fingerprint. 
 6.Latent Print Transfer Card – Used to preserve
developed latent prints. 
 7.Fingerprint Strip Holder – Used to hold card for
post-mortem fingerprint. 
 8.Magnifying Lens (Horse-Shoe Type) – An expert
magnifying lens. 
Basic Rules in taking Fingerprints:
 1.Subject should be instructed to stand straight but relax facing
the slab. 
 2. The subject hand should be completely dry 
 3. Thumb fingers are rolled towards the body while other fingers
are rolled away from the body. 4. In case of Split/Webbed thumb,
it should be rolled together and be classified based on: = (1) get
the bigger  one; if of the same size, Get the inner one. 
 5.In case of Polydactyl or Extra Finger which is totally separate:
Print the extra finger on the other side of the  card and make a
note.
Types of Prints

 Latent Prints – Are those prints that are hidden or

concealed which are usually left accidentally on the crime
scene.  These are prints naked to the human eye but they
actually exist
  Visible Prints - are those prints which are readily visible to
the naked eye such as blood, dirt, ink, paint, or  any colored
surface
  Smudge Prints – Prints created due to the sliding motion
of the finger. 
 Fragment Prints – Prints that show incomplete ridges.
(Partial Print Impressions) 
 Chance Prints – Prints left on a place unconsciously or
accidentally. 
Methods of Developing Latent Prints: 

Dusting Method - considered as the simplest and

traditional methods used in developing latent prints 
at the scene of the crime. By using black powder, the
powder will adhere on the moisture left on the 
surface
 Rolling Method - basically used in
developing prints in paper done by simply
rolling the paper with  powder spreading in
its surface
Chemical Fuming Method - done by
using chemical fumes such as Iodine and
Ammonium Fumes. 
Cyanoacrylate Fuming Method – It is used
for the development of latent prints on
surfaces made of  plastic, adhesive tapes,
aluminum foils, and rubber bands. 
Ninhydrin Method - is considered
as one of the best methods used in
developing prints in paper. 
Iodine Silver Plate Transfer Method – A
practical technique used in developing latent
print on human  skin. It is done by spraying
an iodine fume into the area of the skin. 
Laser Method - is a modern
method of tracing and developing
latent prints. 
Fingerprint Classification Formula: 

 1.Checking – Verifying the rolled impression using the plain

impression as guide or reference. 
 2.Blocking-Out – It is the process of placing under each pattern
the letter symbols representing their pattern  interpretation prior to
the actual classification formula. 
 3. Classification Formula – It is the result of the evaluation and
interpretation of the ten (10) fingerprints  applying the principle of
ridge counting, ridge tracing. 
 1. Primary Division 
 Is the summation of all numerical value assigned to
Whorls appearing in fingerprint chart which are
Numerators and  denominators Plus the pre-established
fraction of 1/1. It is always represented by numerical
value. 
Whorl patterns.(WCDX

 (16) Finger 1 and 2 Right Thumb and Right Index
 (8) Finger 3 and 4 Right middle and Right Ring
 (4) Finger 5 and 6 Right little and Left Thumb(
 2) Finger 7 and 8 Left Index and Left middle
 (1) Finger 9 and 10 Left Ring and Left Little 
 b. Secondary
  Represented by Capital and small letter combination based oninterpretation made
during the blocking.
 Capital letter
   derived from the index fingers which can be
 (A, T, U, R, W, C, D or X).
 Small letter
  derived from the thumb, middle, ring and little fingers. It only includes the
 radial loop (r), plain arch (a) and tented arch (t)
 .
  Sub-secondary Division  
  derivedby ridge counting of loop and ridge Tracing of
whorl found at the index, middle ring fingers only
 Ridge counting of Loop
 Index Middle Ring
1 to 9 = I10 or more =O
1 to 10 = I11 or more = O
1 to 13 = I14 or more = O
Ridge Tracing of Whorl

 Inner Whorl  (I) When the tracing goes 

 above or inside  the right delta and there are three (3) or more intervening ridges.
 Outer Whorl (O) when the tracing ridge goes
 below or outside the right delta and there are three (3) or more intervening ridges.
 Meeting Whorl (M) when there are only two or less intervening ridge/s
 Plain arch and tented arch are always dash(-)
 Major Division 
 This is similar to Sub-Secondary division though it is applying to
the thumb only and ridge counting has been  modified. 
 Note:  
 i. First Get the ridge count of Left Thumb 
 ii. If the ridge count of left thumb is 16 or less Table 1 would apply. 
 iii. If the ridge count of left thumb is 17 or more use table 2 for the
ridge counting of right thumb. iv. In case a Whorl pattern appears on
either or both thumbs it should apply Ridge Tracing (IMO). v.
Appearance of Plain Arch and Tented Arch should be represented
with a dash (-). 
 TABLE 1  TABLE 2

Ridge Symbols  Ridge Symbols

Counts  Counts 
1-11  Small (S)  1-17  Small (S)

12-16  Medium
18-22  Medium (M)
(M) 

17 or more  Large (L)  23 or more  Large (L)

.Final Division 
 This is done by ridge counting of loops and whorls from the two
little fingers. In this division whorls are ridge  counted not to be
ridge traced. 
 1. Loops –ridge counted in its conventional way; 
 2. Whorls: 
 a. Plain whorl and central pocket loop whorl shall be treated as ulnar
loop from the hand of origin; b. A double loop is ridge counted to an
upright loop or the ridge count of the top loop; and c. An accidental
whorl be ridge counted in all but the least ridge count will be used. 
 d. Appearance of Plain Arch and Tented Arch should be represented
with a dash (-). 
Key Division 

This division is derived by getting the ridge

count of the first loop formation appearing in
the ten fingers  except the two little fingers.
In case of absence of a loop, the first whorl
will be ridge counted following the rules of 
ridge counting a whorl under final division. 
Classification of amputated fingers: 

 1. When one or more fingers from same hand are amputated or

missing, it is given the classification of the  opposite fingers (including
the ridge count or ridge tracing, except the primary classification)
 2. When two or more opposite fingers are amputated or missing, it is
given the classification of plain whorl  with ridge tracing of Meeting
(M) 
 3. When all fingers are amputated or missing, they are all treated as
plain whorls with ridge tracing of Meeting  (M) 
 If a subject has more than ten (10) fingers, the
 extra finger is printed on the_______ of the
 fingerprint chart with notation to the effect that
 same is an extra finger.
 a. Face
 b. Other side
 c. Face, upper corner
 d. Face, lower corner

B
 All fingers are rolled AWAY from the subject’s body
 except?

 a. Both Index fingers

 b. Both Little fingers
 c. Both Middle fingers
 d. Both Thumbs

D
 The type of the classification formula which are
 concerned only with the thumbs of both fingers,
 finger number 1 and 6 and is placed at the left
 of the primary classification?
 A. Major classification
 B. Final Classification
 C. Key Classification
 D. Primary Classification
A
 The state of the art computer based identification system which includes
the process of automatically matching one or many unknown fingerprints against
a database of known and unknown prints.
 A. Automated Fingerprint Identification System
 B. Fingerprint Comparison
 C. Fingerprint classification
 D. Personal Identification

A
 To classify fingerprints, deltas are very essential in whorl type fingerprint pattern
exact _____ may not be determined without these focal points.
 A. Core
 B. Primary
 C. Identification
 D. Ridge tracing

D
 Three blocks or a space before finger no. 9 in the fingerprint card is the
_______finger.
 A. Left thumb
 B. Left index
 C. Left ring
 D. Left middle

A
 When a ridge bifurcates, tracing proceeds________.
 A. Run from one side to another with some of the ridges
 B. Along the upper line of bifurcation
 C. Along the lower line of bifurcation
 D. Along neither line of bifurcation

C
 To determine whether a loop is radial, it is
 important that we should know in what ______ the finger
 came from.
 A. Fingerprint
 B. Hand
 C. Pattern
 D. Person

B
 ______ It refers to a long line usually placed on the right upper corner of the
fingerprint chart where classification formula of the given 10 rolled fingerprint is
exhibited.
 A. Horizontal line
 B. Classification line
 C. Numerator and denominator
 D. Vertical line

B
 ______consists of one or more ridges which make or tend to make a complete
circuit with two deltas, between  which an imaginary line is drawn. At least one
re- curving ridge within the inner pattern area is cut or touched.
 A. A plain whorl
 B. Accidental whorl
 C. A double loop whorl
 D. A central pocket loop

A
 In deriving the key division, what fingers are excluded?
 A. Both thumbs
 B. Both little fingers
 C. Both middle fingers
 D. Both index finger

B
 It is a division in fingerprint classification which is placed at the extreme right
corner of the classification line.
 A. Key
 B. Final
 C. Major
 D. Primary

B
 In taking fingerprint of the subject, each subject’s finger should be rolled for how
many degrees?
 A. 360
 B. 45
 C. 180
 D. 190

C
 When a loop pattern has an even number of bars (2 bars) inside the looping ridge,
which of these will be selected as core?
 A. The one that nearest to the delta
 B. The one that is farthest from the delta
 C. Either A and B
 D. Neither A or B

B
 In deriving sub-secondary division wherein an index finger has a ridge count of 9,
what should be the correct interpretation?
 A. Inner
 B. Outer
 C. Meeting
 D. Dash

A
 In the absence of a loop in deriving the key division, what should be done?
 A. Ridge count the whorl pattern appearing on little fingers
 B. Ridge count the 1st whorl pattern appearing on any finger except two little
fingers
 C. Ridge count the whorl the pattern appearing on two  middle fingers only
 D. None of these

B
 To classify the ten (10) fingers, if the fingers nos. 1 to 5 are radial loop and the
rest of fingers are whorl pattern, what is your primary and
secondary classification?
 A. 4/8 W/R
 B. 6/8 R/W
 C. 8/4 R/W
 D. 10/4 R/2

C
 If fingers no. 1 to 5 Central pocket loop, 6 to 8 plain arches, 9 and 10 are radial
loop. What is your primary and second classification?
 A. 24/26 A/C
 B. 25/29 C/A
 C. 29/25 W/A
 D. 27/24 A/D

B
 In primary division, all whorls from pair no. 2 shall be given a value of.
 A. 16
 B. 8
 C. 4
 D. 2

B
 When two different specimens put under a process of a careful and a thorough
examination relative to its characteristics and patterns present so as to
produce conclusion of whether the said specimens are identical or not, in personal
identification technique, it is called ___
 A. Fingerprint Comparison
 B. Fingerprint Classification
 C. Fingerprint Identification
 D. Personal Identification

A
 The fingers appear in number 1,3,5,7 and 9 under the primary classification shall
treated and represented as ___ in the classification formula.
 A. Denominators C. Numerators
 B. Below the line D. Above the line