The theory of Crime

causation
 Esp
 Etiology of crime- origin. Criminogenesis crime causation 
 Sociology of law- law
 Penology - study of punishment
 Theory – set of statement devised to explained an event or phenomenon which is
repeated and widely accepted
 It is a theory argue that crime is a product of one factor- unitary or single 
 Crime is a product of several factors- multiple factor theory 
 Crime is product of another set of factor- eclectic or mixed 
 Approaches in criminology 
 Physical biological mental traits – subjective approach
 Sociological, cultural economic- objective approach
 Measuring, controlling and understanding crime 
 School of thought – group of ideas or belief 
 Classical school- bebe
 Cesare bonesana marchese de beccaria
 Jeremy bentham
 Positivist- auguste comte holy three 
 Chicago- ecological factors- robert ezra park 
 Carthographic school- adoplhe quetelet geographical factor use of statistics to
explain crime
Early criminological theories

 Demonological theory- explained criminality

dominated thinking from early history well into the
17th century. This theory was predominant at a time
when explanation of reality were done through
theological approaches. The criminal was viewed
as a sinner who was possessed by demons or
damned by other wordly forces.
 Pre-classical theoryl supernatural 
 Criminal is possesed by evil or demons 
 What is the oldest form of trial? Trial by ordeal
 Subject to painful or dangerous test 
 Red hot iron ordeal 
 Trial by combat 
 Innocent protected by the god 
 Based on dei indicum- miraculous decision 
 Judicious dei- judgement of god
 Classical theory- emphasizes freewill and rationality on
the part of criminal actor. The classical school of
criminology grew out of frustration against barbabaric
system of law and justice.
 This school of thought is based on the assumption that
individuals choose to commit crime after weighing the
consequences of their action.
 Viewed individuals as acting based on freewill and being
motivated by hedonism. The latter refers to pleasure
principle, which consumes that the main purposes of life is
to maximize pleasure while minimizing pain.
 Classical school- absolute freewill –it is the ability to know the difference from
right and wrong
 Purpose of penalty- retribution – lextalionis 
 Law of talion law retaliation- 
 An eye for an eye tooth for tooth oculo pro oculo dente pro dente
 Just desert- deserved 
 Deterrence – fear of punishment 
 Specific deterrence- offender
 General deterrence- public society community 
 Musketry  firing squad FUSSILADING last person lim seng
 Deterrence- fear of punish
 Punishment must be
 Celerity or swiftness 
 Severity 
 Certainty –the best 
 Focused on the crime not in the criminal 
 Everyman is responsible for his act 
 Man is essentially a moral creature with absolute freewill 
 Cesare beccaria-  he was one the founders of classical school of
criminology. He published book entitled “On crimes on punishment”
which presented a coherent and comprehensive design for an
enlightened criminal justice system that was to serve the people
rather than monarch.
 His book made reforms in penal legislation and was influential in
the reforms of penal codes in france, russia, and it influence the first
ten amendments to the constitution.
 Responsible for the abolition of torture as legitimate means of
extracting confession.
 Dei delliti e dele pene d- on crime on punishment
 Famous saying let the punishment fit the crime
Proposed principle for the proper
operation of CJS
 Law should be used to maintain social contract.
 Only legislator should create law.
 Judges should imposed punishment only in accordance with the
law.
 Punishment should be based on the pleasure and pain principle.
 Punishment should be determined by the crime.
 Capital punishment should be abolished.
 Its better to prevent crimes than to punish criminals.
 Balanced between pain and pleasure principle? 
 Nicomedian ethics
 Nicomachean ethics aristotle 
 Crime or law? Law nullum crimen nulla poena sine lege
 Abolished criminal law no crime? Logomacy 
Three branches of government
Executive branch – enforce law
Legislative to make law- congress
Senate 24 
House of representative
Veto- power of president na hindi pumirma
Signed? Law 
Effective no 15 days publication  official gazzete and general circulation 
Ignorantia legis non excusat –ignorance of the law excuses no one from compliance
there with.

Judicial – interpret law

 Jeremy bentham- he founded the hedonistic concept of utilitarianism, which
assumes that all our action are calculated in accordance with their likelihood of
bringing pleasure and pain. He devised the pseudo-mathematical formula called
felicific calculus which view individuals as human calculator who put all the
factors into equation before deciding whether a particular crime is worth
committing or not.
 Phuf
 Panopticon prison- pan- means ? Allow observer to observe 
 Cylindrical prison 
 Hedonism – people always seek pleasure and avoid pain 
 Utilitarinism- greatest happiness for the greates tnumber of people 
 Felicific calculus- human calculator 
 Neo-classical- this theory modified the doctrine of free will by stating that
freewill of men may be affected by other factors and crime are committed due to
some compelling reason. These causes are pathology, incompetence, insanity or
any condition that will make it impossible for the individual to exercise freewill
entirely.
 Neo- new- classical modified 
 Freewill is not absolute 
 Child and lunatic 
 Art 12 rpc exempting circumstances – crime but no criminal (exempt)
 Child 15 years old below? No criminal liability 
 15 years old above but under 18? Conditional imposition of criminal liability
 Discernment – ability to distinguished right from wrong 
 15 above discernment -
 Art 13 rpc mitigating circumtances- reduce reduction
 This theory contested the finding of beccaria freewill 
 Lucid interval- sane rational normal has criminal liability 
 Kleptomania – irresitable urge to steal 
Positivism

 Positivist suggest that human behavior is a product of social, biological,

sociological or economic factor. Proponents of positivism and evolutionism
moved the field  of criminology from philosophical to a scientific perspective.
 Italian school- holy three of criminology
 Rafael garofallo- psychological factor
 Enrico ferri- sociological and economic factors
 Cesare lombroso- first person who used scientific method to explain crime.-
biological factors
 August comte- introduced positivism who is also credited to having coined the
term sociology.
 Comte proposed the used of emperical and scientific investigation for
improvement of society.
 He founded sociology and applied scientific methods in the study of society,
which to him passes through stages divided on the basis of how people try to
understand it, leading them to adopt a rational scientific understanding of the
world. Comte called this the positive stage and those who followed his writings
were called:
a. positivism
b. august comte
c. positivist refers to a person 
d. sociologist
 Father of psychology- wilhelm wundt
 Psychology- human behavior – psychologist specialist 
 Criminology- criminologist    karl luis baguhin CG criminology graduate
 Focused on the criminal rather than the crime 
 In criminological sense- once he commit a crime 
 In legal sense- final judgement 
 Purpose of penalty is treatment- reformation and rehabilitation
 Sick 
 They rejected freewill 
 Criminal behavior is cause by internal and external factor.
 Cesare Lombroso- he claimed that criminals are distinguishable from non-
criminal due to the presence of atavistic stigmata and crimes committed by those
who are born with certain recognizable heredity traits. 
 Acc. To him criminal are usually in possession of huge jaws and strong canine
teeth, the arm span of criminals is often greater than their height just like that of
apes who use their forearms to push along the ground.
 Other physical stigmata include deviation in head size and shape, asymmetry of
the face, excessive dimension of the jaw and cheekbones, eye defects and
peculiarities, ears of unusual size, nose twisted, upturned or flattened in thieves,
or aquiline or beaklike in murderers, fleshy lips, swollen and protruding, and
pouches in the cheek like those of animals toes.

 Study of the bump or shape of the skull phrenology, cranioscopy, craniology

 Study of the measurement of skull- craniometry 
 Classes of criminal acc to Lombroso
 Born criminal- individual with at least 5
atavistic stigmata
 Insane criminal – those who became criminal because of
some brain defects which affect their ability to understands
and differentiate what is right from what is wrong.
 Criminaloid- those with makeup of an ambiguous group
that include habitual criminal, criminal by passion and
other diverse type.
 Pseudo-criminal- due to self defense 
 Which of the following is not a description of criminal man by lombroso
 a. symetry of the face- balance 
 b. abnormal dentition
 c. defective thorax
 d. Excessive length of arms 
 Atavistic stigmata- physical feature of a creature at earlier stage of development
 Based on origin of species by charles darwin 
 Survival of fittest 
 Who coined the word survival of the fittest? Herbert spencer
 Physician lombroso 
 Guissepe villela – examined by lombroso – median occipital fossete brain
anomaly 
 Rafael Garofalo- he treated the roots of the criminal
behavior not to physical features but to their psychology
equivalent which he referred to as a moral anomalies.
 Psychological determinism
 Determinism- everything has sufficient cause
 He rejected the doctrine of freewill
 Book criminal MIND
 Italian word criminologia garafalo
 French criminologie –paul topinard
 Latin crimen crime-
 Classification of criminal  garofalo
 Murderers- by revenge
 Violent criminal- violent crime 
 Deficient criminal- property 
 Lascivious criminal –chastity 
 Casarap private crime
 Concubinage
 Adultery
 Seduction
 Abduction
 Act of lascviousness
 Rape crimes againt person ra 8353
Enrico Ferri – he was a member of italian parliament
who believed that criminal could not be held morally
responsible because they did not choose to commit crime
but was driven to commit them by condition of their live.
 He focused his study on the influences of sociological
factors such as economic crime.
 Advocate theory of imputability and denial of freewill
 Biological factors- an area of positivism which
associates criminal traits or individual’s evil
disposition to inherited genetic like physical
disfigurement or impairment and other biological
causes.
 PHYSIOGNOMY 
  the study of the facial features and their relation to human behavior 

 PROPONENTS:
 Giambatista dela Porta  -founder of human physiognomy
 Acc to him, criminal behavior may be predicted based on facial feature of a
person
 Johann Kaspar Lavater –he supported the belief of dela porta
 - he believed that a person's character is revealed through his facial characteristics.
 PHRENOLOGY 
    the study that deals with the relationship between the skull and human behavior
 Study of the external formation of the skull in relation to the person's personality
and tendencies toward criminal behavior.
 Craniology cranioscpy- 
 Measurement craniometry
 Prediction of human behavior based on the alignment of stars.- astrology
 Line in palm- palmistry- 
 Franzjoseph gall- he developed cranioscopy which later
renamed as phrenology.
 Thestudy that deals with the relationship between the
skull and human behavior.

 Johanns kaspar spurzheim- he was assistant of gall in

the study of phrenology. They studied the shape of the
skull and bumps on the heads to determine whether these
physical attributes were linked to criminal behavior.
 Hewas the man most responsible  for popularizing and
spreading phrenology to a wide audience.
 Samuel G. morton – he developed the idea
of polygenism.
 Polygenism- human races are different lineages
 Monogenesim- single origin of humanity

 Morton claimed that he could judge the

intellectual capacity of race by the skull size.
 Large skull intellectual matalino smart
 Small skull- decreases intellectual
 Earnest Hooton- Harvard anthropologist who in CRIME
AND MAN claimed that, on the basis of a very detailed
and extensive study of physical differences between
criminal and non-criminal. He had discovered the causes
of criminality- PHYSICAL INFERIORITY. His 12 year
study of 14,000 prisoner and 3,200 college student,
firemen and others, led to him to this conclusion.
 Charles darwin- he published the book Origin of
species which put forth this concept that human
beings, as part of nature, evolved, from other
species over a long period of time and the
evolution occurs through variation, adaptation and
natural selection.
 PHYSIOLOGY OR SOMATYPE 
    refers to the study of the body build of a person in relation to his temperament
and personality and the type of offense he is most prone to commit 
   also called somatology and body-type theories
 ERNST KRETSCHMER 
 Asthenic-  lean, slightly built, narrow shoulders, their
crimes are petty thievery and fraud.
 Athletic – medium to tall, strong, muscular, coarse
bone: they are usually connected with the crimes of
violence
 pyknic - medium height, rounded figures, massive
neck , broad face: they tend to commit fraud deception
and violence
Dysplastic combination or mixed 
Asthenic athletic
Walang payat na mabigat 
 2) WILLIAM SHELDON 
  Ectomorph-(payat) have small skeleton and weak
muscles. The body shape is fragile and thin
  Mesomorph-muscular have well developed muscles and
an athletic appearance. Body shape is hard and round
  Endomorph- mataba  have heavily builds and
slow moving . Body shape is soft and round
 Temperament- 
 Endomorph- viscerotonic relax, comfortable, luxury 
 MesOmorph- romOtonic – aggressive behavior violent strong personality
 Ectomorph- cerebrotonic- intellectual introvert theft
 Sheldon and eleanor glueck delinquent to be mesomorphic than non deliqunets
 HEREDITY 
   the transmission of traits from parents to off springs 
   findings of the early studies done on adoption and twin studies support the idea
that criminality can be inherited
 Twin monozygotic- single egg identical twins 
 Dyzygotic- separate egg fraternal twins 
 Transmission of norms or practice from one generation to other- cultural
transmission 
 Science of improving human off spring? EUGENICS FRANCIS GALTON
 Examination and comparison of choromosome? KARYOTYPE 
 Chrosome 46 
 X and y chromosome sex hormone 
 Female 23 xx
 Male 23 xy 
 Xyy syndrome? Super male aggressive 
 Female sex hormones estrogen
 Testosterone hormones aggressive 
 Richard specs
 Diet more calories
 Women first having orgasm
 Position deep penetration
 RICHARD DUGDALE –he studied the lives of the members of the jukes
family.
 he discovered that from among that descendants of ada jukes, there were 290
paupers, 60 thieves, 7 murderers, 40 other criminals, 40 person with venereal
diseases(STD) and 50 prostitutes.
 Sexual transmitted 
 Prostitution- oldest profession known to man 
 School of regulatory control- prostitution approved 
 School of total repression-  ayaw nila ng prostitution
 Margaret ada jukes- mother of all criminal 
 HENRY GODDARD 
- studied the Kallikak Family and found that among the descendants from kalikak
relationship with a feeble minded lady, there were 143 feeble minded and only 46
normal, 36 were illegitimate, 3 epileptics, 3 criminal, 8 kept brothel and 82 died of
infancy.
 Martin kalikak soldier
 Kallos good or beauty- mababait 
 Cacos- bad -
 Coined the term moron 
 Idiot 0-2
 Imbicile 2-7 
 Feeble minded –7-12
 IQ- intelligence quotient
 Who is the first person conducted IQ test? ALfred binet
 Sir jonathan edwards famous preacher
 Family three was traced no one of the descendant was found to be criminal
  CHARLES GORING 
 - studied the physical traits of convicted offenders and proposed that individuals
who possess criminal characteristics should be prohibited from having
children.
 He repudiated theory of lombroso atavistic stigmata
 3000 established that non criminal people tended have more atavistic trait 
 Francis galton- he developed EUGENICS or the science of improving a human
population by controlled breeding to increases the occurrence of desirable
heritable characteristics.

 Schulsinger- he found criminality in adoptive boys to be higher when biological

fathers had criminal records.(ADOPTION STUDIES)

 Hutchings and mednick- they studied 1, 145 male adoptees with criminal
records and found the criminality of the biological father was a major predictor of
the child's behavior.
 DNA –deoxyribonucleic acid
 Father of DNA alec jeffrey
 Four bases of DNA 
 ATCG
 ADINE
 THYMINE
 GUANINE
 CYTOSINE
 What is the most realible means of identification? Fingerprint 
 Identical twins
 Modern perspective on biological determinism-
the newest biological theories, which some
advocates call biosocial theories, focus on broad
range of biological factors including genetic and
environmental.
Nature theory- it argues that intelligence is
largely determined genetically, that ancestry
determines I,Q and that low intelligence as
demonstrated by low I,Q is linked to
criminal behavior.
 Custodial- 0-25
 Trainable25- 50
 Educable-
 borderline
 Nurture theory- it refers to all the environmental
variables that impact who were are including our
childhood experiences, how we were raised, our social
relationship and our surrounding culture.

 Itassumes that correlation between environmental factors

and psychological outcomes are caused environmentally. 
 Brain disorder- modern attempt to probe(investigate)
about brain disorder was conducted by Portugueses
physician Antonio Moniz in 1935. He performed
prefrontal lobotomy(destruction of the frontal lobes of the
brain) as a last resort for non-responsive mental patients.
Acc to him, out of twenty mental patients, fifteen showed
some degree of improvement as a result of the operation.
 Amnesia – forget an events 
 Anterograde- short term memory
 Retrograde- long term memory 
 Localized- certain events 
 Neurosis- mild mental disorder 
 Anxiety- excessive worry 
 Phobia- irrational fear- exaggerated fear 
 Phalophobia- fear of male organ
 Fear of firearms- hoplophobia- who coined jeff cooper
 Fear of small places- claustrophobia
 Obsession- thinking 
 Compulsion- irresitable urge 
 Kleptomania
 Dipsomania-
 Psychosis- severe mental disoder hospitalization
 Loss contact with reality
 Hallucination- false perception- sense 
 Illusion- false interpretation 
 Delusion- false belief 
 Daniel mc naughthen rule-insanity rule delusion of persecution
 Grandeur
Twin studies- the studies and adoptees are
ingenious ways of attempting to address the
nature vs nurture debate that is, whether
criminality is inherited or learned. Such
studies are after the fact in nature and begin
with criminals who have a twin and then
attempts to find the other twin in order to
discover whether he or she is also a criminal.
 Cyrill burt- he claimed that intelligence was
primarily inherited. He also conducted twin studies
that claimed to prove the inherited nature of
intelligence. However, subsequent examination
revealed that he fabricated some of the data,
though some of his works remained unaffected by
this revelation.
 Bio-chemical- crime, especially violent, is a function of
diet, vitamin intake , hormonal imbalance, or food
allergies.
Menstruation and crime- found that nearly half of the
crimes of her sample female inmates had occurred during
menstruation or pre-menstruation.
Katrina dalton pre-menstrual syndrome
Irritable
Moody 
 Schauss- study comparing nutritional differences of
delinquents and non- delinquents, the surprising major
difference found was that delinquents drank more milk.

 Low blood sugar also has been claimed to be linked to

impaired brain function and violent crime. Hypoglycemia
low blood sugar level 
PSYCHOLOGICAL DETERMINISM 
  refers to the theories that attribute criminal
behavior of individuals to psychological
factors 
 PSCHOANALYTIC THEORY 
    formulated by SIGMUND FREUD 
    according to this theory, personality has three (3) components: the id, ego and
superego 
    the imbalance among the three (3) components causes abnormal behavior 
 Freud opined that the doctrines of resistance and
repression, the unconscious, the etiological
significance of a person sex life and the importance
of childhood experiences are the main building
blocks of the theoretical edifice of psychoanalysis
 Iceberg theory
 Consciousness- aware 
 Pre-conscious- sub conscious-
 Stored knowledge or memories 
 Unciousness- unaware
 Resevoir of thoughts
 Selffishness
 Unacceptable sexual desire – pleasure with insect formicophilia
 Necrophilia- sexual intercourse with dead body
 Zoophilia bestiality besto- sexual 
 Violent motive
 Hidden from consciousness . Because they are unacceptable
 ID- stand for instinctual drive- pleasure principle
 Ego- reality principle gateway to action mediator 
 Super ego –moral principle 
 Ego ideal- what is right
 Conscience what is wrong
 Unconcsious wish for death – thanatos
 A mabilis mag maneho ng motor. 
 Life –love eros- greek god of love
 Freud's model of the personality structure
 Psychosexual stages of human development
 Oral stage
 Anal stage
 Phallic
 Latency
 Genitals 
 Oral stage- 0-18 pleasure attain  by sucking and bitting
 Yosi, alcohol 
 Anal stage- 18 months –3 yrs old- focus on eliminating bodily waste 
 Toilet training 
 Wastefull, makalat burara 
 Phallic- 3-6 yrs old attention to their genitals 
 Oedipus complex- boy look his father rival to his mother
 Castration anxiety 
 Mother fucker
 Electra complex- female rival mother.- coined carl gustav jung
 Latency- 6 yrs old to puberty- sexual feeling are inactive
 Genitals- maturing sexual interest 
Henry Maudsley- he believed that
crime is an outlet in which their unsound
tendencies are discharged and that
offenders would go mad if they were
not criminal.
August Aichorn- he published the book
entitled, wayward youth.
Aichorn argued that the cause of the
crime and delinquency is the faulty
development of the child during the first few
years of his life.
David Abrahamsen- published book entitled
crime and the human mind
He explained that the cause of criminal
behavior is the result of criminalistic
tendencies added by crime inducing
situation and divided by the person's
mental and emotional resistance to
temptation.
 Crime formula
 C- crime
 T- tendencies
 S- situation
 R- resistance
Erik erikson- described the so called
identity crisis a psychological state in which
youth face inner turmoil and uncertainty
about life roles
 Father of stress? Hans hugo selye
 Eustress - positive stress excited feeling
 Distress- negative stress 
 Albert Adler- founder of individual psychology and coined the term inferiority
complex people have feeling if inferior and compensate for them with a drive for
superiority.

 Adlerian theory is a holistic approach to psychology that emphasizes the

importance of overcoming feelings of inferiority and gaining a sense of
belonging in order to achieve success and happiness
 Walter Bromberg- according to him, a person is
emotionally mature when he has learned to control his
emotion effectively and who lives at peace with himself
and in harmony with the standards of conduct which are
acceptable to the society. An emotionally immature person
rebels against rules and regulation and tends to engage in
unusual activities and experiences a feeling of guilt due to
inferiority complex.
 Criminality is the result of immaturity 
Hans eysenck- developed the trait theory of
personality that identified three basic
dimension of personality as neuroticism,
extraversion and psychoticism
 Isaac ray- questioned whether people who were morally
insane could be held legally responsible for their acts
 B.F skinner – views behavior as primarily a response to
consistent condition or learning reinforced through
expected rewards and punishment.
 Pavlov ivan
 Classical condition- behavior is learnt by a repititive associate between response and
stiumulus
 Stimulus- any force coming from environment 
 Dog salivation food 
 Skinner bf 
 Operant condition
 Skinner box RAT PIGEON 
 Reinforced is being repeated
 Positive reinforcement- reward 
 Punishment decrease the likelihood of the behavior being repeated 
 Albert bandura- social learning theory looks at the
thought processes of the person and external sanction. By
observing others, individual learn how to engage in
aggression. This might include exposure to aggressive
models, aversive treatment by other, or positively
anticipating participation in such action. The
reinforcement or punishment of such action is important.
 SOCIOLOGICAL DETERMINISM 
 - refers to things, places, events, conditions in the environment and people that
can influence the behavior of an individual 
 EMILE DURKHEIM 
 - introduced the concept of ANOMIE, the absence of social norms, disorder due
to lack of common values shared by individuals, lack of respect for authority and
lack of appreciation for what is acceptable and not in society
 Norm- generally accepted by the society 
 Deviate abnormal 
 A- away from anomie 
 Ban 
 Breakdown of social order
 Absence of social norms
 Without norms
 Crime is normal in society 
 GABRIEL TARDE 
 - introduced the THEORY OF IMITATION
 Individuals imitate behavior of other individual based on the degree of their
association with other indivdual and it is inferior or weak who tend to imitate the
superior and strong
 Inferior imitate superior
 When two personality clash one may takes place another
 Copy cat crime
 Coined suggesto imitative
 CARTOGRAPHIC SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY 
    studied the influence of social statistical data such as population, age, gender,
occupation and economic status to criminality 
 Adolphe quetelet and andre michael guerry
 1st person who used statistic to explain crime
 Geographical factors
 Temperature location climate
 Thermic law- cold climate – crimes against property
 Hot warm climate- crimes against  person
 Andre michael guerry an essay on moral statistics
 Rawson w rawson- use statistics to suggest link between population density and
crime crime 
 SOCIAL STRUCTURE THEORIES 
 hold that delinquency is a function of a person’s place in the economic
structure 
 sub-theories are the following: 
 Social Disorganization Theory
 Strain Theory 
 Cultural Deviance Theory 
 SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY
   according to this theory, crimes in the urban areas are more prevalent because
residents have impersonal relationships with each other.
 Clifford shaw and henry mckay 
 Omubip
 Over population 
 Migration 
 Unemployment 
 Broken home- disrupted
 Industrialization
 Poverty 
  there is increase in the   number of broken families and single parenthood are also
very common in disorganized communities 
    another feature is poverty as evidenced by poor living conditions, such as
unsightly and unsanitary streets and high unemployment rate 
 Resident are uninterested in community matters
 Weak common sources of control- 
 Family-home- it is the cradle of human personality
 Basic unit of society
 Barangay- small political unit of society
 Church 
 STRAIN THEORY 
    strain refers to the     individual’s frustrations, anger and resentment
 - strain is caused by their inability to have, achieve and possess their desires in
life , whether material or non-material things this inability is brought about by
poverty  as a result, they are pushed into doing illegal activities to survive 
Conflict between the goal and the means 
FRAPS frustration resentment anger pressure stress
Fardut- frustration anger resentment disparity under great pressure, the goal is block
 american dream- financially and material success in life
 Robert king merton
 Adoptation
                            Goals           means
 Conformist -         +                    +
 Innovator -           +                     - 
 Ritualist                  x                     x
 Retreatist- socially drop out – rejection of both means and goals 
 Rebel- change the goals and the means 
 CULTURAL DEVIANCE THEORY 
    give emphasis on the concept of culture and sub- culture 
 -  because people in the lower class feel isolated due to extreme deprivation and
poverty, they tend to create a sub-culture with its own set of rules and values  
   combines the elements of social disorganization theory and strain theory 
 CULTURE 
 - refers to the system of values and meanings and social norms shared by a group
of individuals; way of life of the majority of people 
 SUB-CULTURE 

- a sub-group within an    existing culture that maintains a unique set of
values and beliefs that are in conflict with conventional social norms 
 Culture with in a culture 
 Walter miller- lower class culture as a general milieu(environment) of gang
delinquent. Territory of juvenile? turf
 Discovered that clinging to lower class value system promotes illegal violent
behavior.

 Albert cohen- because of social condition make them incapable of achieving

success legitimately lower class youth experience a form of a culture conflict.
 SOCIAL PROCESS THEORIES 
 view delinquency as a result of poor or faulty socialization or upbringing 

 Differential Association Theory 

 Differential Reinforcement Theory 
 Neutralization Theory
 DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY 
    formulated by Edwin Sutherland  
 Dean of criminology 
 Coined white collar crime- crimes committed by upper socioeconomic
 Blue- collar crime- crimes commited by the lower class
 Most famous theory important theory
    This theory states that criminality can be learned through socialization 
    Criminal behavior is learned through social interaction in the process of
communication.
 Calicsi
1. CRIME IS A PRODUCT 
2. ADOPTATION
3. LEARNING
4. INTERACTION
5. COMMUNICATION
6. SOCIALIZATION
7. INFLUENCE
 Edwin sutherland – criminology is the body of knowlegde regarding crime as a
social phenomenon which inlcude the process of making law breaking of laws
and reaction towards breaking of law.
Criminology is not a science? George wilker 
 DIFFERENTIAL REINFORCEMENT THEORY 
    individual’s behavior depends on how people around him react towards his
behavior
    a behavior is reinforced when the individual gains something from it 
    a behavior will be extinguished if the individual is punished for his behavior 
 Reward and punishment 
 Ronald akers and rober burgess
 NEUTRALIZATION THEORY 
    introduced by David Matza and Gresham Sykes 
 Drifting theory movement from one extreme behavior to another
    people know when they are doing something wrong, however, they rationalize
and justify their actions 
    this rationalizing is what is called “neutralization” 
 Rationalize alibi justify 
 Denial of responsibility- shifting the blame
 Denial of injury- no one has harm
 Denial of victim- he got what he deserve 
 Condemnation of condemner-  share guilt
 Appeal to higher authorities
 SOCIAL REACTION THEORY 
 view delinquent acts and criminality as products of stigma and labeling 
 states that people become criminals when significant members of society label
them as such and they accept those labels as a personal identity 
 Labelling theory, branding stigma 
 Frank tannenbaum edwin lamert
 SOCIAL CONTROL THEORIES 
 -   maintain that everybody has the potential to become a criminal but most people
are controlled by their bonds to society 
 - the social control being referred to are the agencies of social control, such as
family, school, religion or church, government and other institutions
 CONTAINMENT THEORY 
   proposed by Walter Reckless 
   containment means the forces within and outside the individual that has the
power to influence his actions 
   inner containments refer to  positive self-concept, tolerance for frustration
and ability to set realistic goals
 Frustration tolerance –ability to withstand to frustration without developing
abnormal behavior
   outer containments include the family and other institutions 
    both inner and outer containments help prevent juvenile offending 
 SOCIAL BOND THEORY 
    formulated by Travis Hirschi 
    views crime as a result of individuals with weakened bonds to social
institutions 
    according to this theory, there are four (4) elements of social bonds: 
ATTACHMENT, COMMITMENT, INVOLVEMENT and BELIEF 
 ATTACHMENT 
 refers to the degree to which individuals care about the opinions of others 

 COMMITMENT 
 refers to an individual’s investment of energy and emotion in conventional
pursuits 
 INVOLVEMENT 
    refers to the amount of time an individual spends on a conventional
pursuit 

 BELIEF 
 - refers to acceptance of the norms of conventional society
 Differential identification theory-
 Person pursue criminal behavior to the extent that he identifies himself with real
or imaginary person from whose perspective his criminal behavior.
Economic determinism-  insisted that society's
economic substructure shapes all other institutions
and relationship.
 Karl marx- emphasized the economic basis of societal conflict which gave birth
to the economic substructure determines the nature of all other institution and
social relationship in society.
 In his view the emergence of capitalism produces economic inequality in which
the workers is exploited by the capitalist class.
 This exploitation creates poverty and also the root of other social problems
 Father of communism
 Communist manifesto
 Capitalist- land owner-  bourgeoisie 
 Workers - proletariat 
 Lumen or lumpen proletariat 
 Conflict theory- is interested in understanding how the social and
criminal justice system respond differentially to person suspected of
violating the law.

 Police are more lenient to female offender-chivalry hypothesis 

 Instrumentalist theory- he claimed the higher classes are
using the existence of the state to exploit the lower classes
by making rules for their own protection, benefit and
interest.
 Earl richard quinney
 Critical criminology- is a generic term encompassing many different theoretical
position united by the common view that society is best characterized by conflict
and power relations rather that by value consensus
Feminist criminology- focuses on trying to understand female offending from
feminist perspective, which contends that women are faced with special disabilities
living in an oppressive sexist society.
-attemps to define criminology and criminal justice based upon the understanding,
experiences and view of the world by the women.
 Peacemaking criminology- it is based on religious principle more than empirical
science. It wants to make peace on crime, counsel us what we should appreciate
the criminal's point of view and wants us to be less punitive
 Left realism- focuses upon the reason why people of the working class prey
upon one another that is victimized other people on their own race and kind.
 Developmental theory-follow individuals across the life course to determine the
differential effect of risk factors for offending at different junctures.
 Moffits dual pathway theory- there are two main pathway to offending: life
course persistent and adolescent limited. 
 LCP offenders have neurological and temperamental difficulties which are
exacerbated by inept parenting. LCP offenders do across time and situation, begin
prior puberty, and continue well into adulthood.

 Adolescent limited offenders are normal individual temporarily derailed during

adolescene.
 Sampson and laub's age graded theory- emphasizes the power of informal social
control across the life course. Assumes classical notion of why people commit
crimes, therefore no need to dwell to much on risk factors. These turning point are
made easier if one has accumulated significant social capital.
 Life course theory- view criminality as a dynamic process, influence by a
multitude of individual characteristics, traits and social experiences. As people
travel through the life course, they are constantly bombarded by changing
perception and experiences and as a result of which their behavior will change
directions sometime for the better and sometime for the worse.
 Latent trait theory- holds the human development is controlled by master trait
consisting of personality, intelligence and genetic make-up present at birth. Other
criminologist believe that this master trait remains stable and unchanging
throughout a person's lifetime whereas other suggest that it can be altered,
influence , or change by subsequent experience. In either event, as people travel
throught their life course this trait is always there directing their behavior.
The end
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