THE

DIGESTIV
E SYSTEM
OBJECTIVES
1. Discuss the functions of digestion and its
process.
2. Identify the parts of the digestive tract and
give their functions.
3. Explain ingestion, absorption, assimilation,
and excretion.
DIGESTION OF FOOD
Is carried out by the organs and
substances of the digestive system.
During digestion, food is broken
down to smaller parts- a fraction of
which is made up of nutrients. These
nutrients are circulated to the
different parts of the body through
the bloodstream and assimilated by
cells.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The system by which
ingested food is acted upon
by physical and chemical
means to provide the body
with absorbable nutrients
and to excrete waste
products.
FUNCTION OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
DIGESTION

is the
breakdown of
food into small
molecules.
ABSORPTION
 is the entrance of
the digested food
(nutrients)into the
body.
MAJOR PARTS OF THE
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
MAJOR PARTS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

1.Digestive Tract (Alimentary Canal)

2.Accessory Organs
DIGESTIVE TRACT (ALIMENTARY CANAL)
1. Digestive Tract (Alimentary
canal)
-is a continuous tube with
two openings; the mouth and the
anus.
-it includes the mouth,
pharynx, esophagus, stomach,
small intestine, and large
intestine.
ACCESSORY ORGANS
2. Accessory organs
- include the teeth and tongue,
salivary glands, liver,
gallbladder, and pancreas.
- produce saliva, bile and
digestive enzymes that contribute
to the breakdown of foodstuffs.
PARTS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
PROCESSES INVOLVED IN THE
TREATMENT OF FOOD IN THE
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
PROCESSES INVOLVED IN THE TREATMENT OF FOOD
IN THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
1. Ingestion
2. Propulsion
3. Secretion
4. Mechanical Digestion
5. Chemical Digestion
6. Absorption
7. Excretion/Defecation
INGESTION
1. INGESTION –
is the process of
eating.
PROPULSION
2. PROPULSION – is the
movement of food along the
digestive tract.
- it includes swallowing
(voluntary process) and peristalsis
(involuntary process).
- peristalsis, is a series of
alternating contractions and
relaxations of smooth muscles that
lines the walls of the digestive
organs and that forces food to move
forward.
SECRETION
3. SECRETION of
digestive enzymes and
other substances
liquefies, adjusts the pH
of, and chemically breaks
down the food
MECHANICAL DIGESTION
4. MECHANICAL DIGESTION is the
process of physically breaking down food
into smaller pieces.
- it begins with the chewing of food
and continuous with the muscular
churning of the stomach.
 Additional churning occurs in the small
intestine through muscular constriction
of the intestinal wall; this process is
called segmentation, is similar to
peristalsis, except that the rhythmic
timing of the muscle constrictions
forces the food backward and forward
rather than forward only.
CHEMICAL DIGESTION
5. CHEMICAL DIGESTION is
the process of chemically breaking
down food into simpler molecules.
- it is carried out by enzymes
(molecules that speed up chemical
reactions) in the mouth (amylase in
saliva, helps break down
carbohydrates into simpler ones that
can be used by the body), stomach
( protease helps break down
proteins) and small intestines (lipase
helps break down fats).
ABSORPTION
6. ABSORPTION is the movement of
molecules from the digestive tract to
adjacent blood and lymphatic vessels.
- it is the entrance of digested
food ( now called nutrients) into the
body.
 Digestion ends in the small intestine
where nutrients are absorbed in the
villi (small finger-like part on the
inside surface of the small intestine)
and enter the circulatory system.
DEFECATION/EXCRETION
7. DEFECATION
(EXCRETION) is the process of
eliminating undigested material
through the anus.
 Wastes that remain after
digestion go to the large
intestine where water is also
reabsorbed; these wastes,
including water are temporarily
stored in the rectum before
they are excreted out of the
body through the anus.
 READ THE READING MATERIAL AND ANSWER MULTIPLE
CHOICE QUESTIONS BELOW.
The Digestive System

By Sharon Fabian

The digestive system is the group of organs that breaks down food so that the body can use it. Food must be broken down all the
way to its individual molecules to be useable. This involves a number of steps, and different organs to do different parts of the job.

Once food is broken down it provides energy for many essential body functions. It provides the energy for all of our physical
activity such as walking, playing sports, working, and talking. It also provides the energy for other, more automatic, activities including
breathing and thinking. Food provides the energy for the nerves, muscles, and organs, including the heart, to continue working. It
provides the fuel to build and repair body tissues. Food energy is needed to regulate body organs and systems. It is the fuel that
provides heat to keep our body temperature at a steady 98.6 degrees (37°C).
 The digestive process begins in the mouth. There, the teeth and the muscles of the mouth
begin the digestive process by breaking down the food into smaller bits. Saliva, produced by the
salivary glands, begins to digest the food before it is even swallowed. Saliva and the other
chemicals produced along the way to speed the digestive process are called digestive enzymes.

Next, muscles in the throat help swallow the food, and it passes through a long tube called
the esophagus. The esophagus goes from the throat to the stomach. In the stomach, a digestive
fluid called gastric juice mixes with the food. The stomach muscles toss the food and the gastric
juices, and break down the protein parts of the food. Other parts of the food will not be broken
down for several more hours.
 The food is now a thick liquid, and it leaves the stomach to pass into the small
intestine. In the small intestine more digestive enzymes act on the food. Pancreatic
juice, from the pancreas, and bile, produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder,
continue to break down various parts of the food. They complete the digestion of
starches, sugars, and fats.

As the food becomes completely digested it gets absorbed into the bloodstream by
tiny blood vessels in the wall of the small intestine. At this point the food has been
broken down to its molecules, and the energy from the food travels to wherever it is
needed in the body, by way of the bloodstream.
 The parts of the food that cannot be digested then pass into the large intestine. These
parts include fibers, or roughage. There they are stored and broken down further by the
action of bacteria, until they are expelled from the body through the rectum.

The whole system that the food passes through is called the alimentary canal. Its main
parts are the mouth, the esophagus, the stomach, the liver, the gall bladder, the
pancreas, the small intestine, the large intestine, and the rectum. Some of its main
chemicals are saliva, gastric juice, pancreatic juice, and bile. It's the system that provides
the energy that keeps us alive and active -- the digestive system.
 READ EACH ITEM CAREFULLY. WRITE THE LETTER OF THE
CORRECT ANSWER.
1. Which is part of the digestive system?
a. Liver b. Brain c. Aorta d. Lungs
2. Digestive System is _____.
a. the group of organs that breaks down food
b. The system that we use to breathe
c. The system carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells, and removes waste products, like carbon dioxide
d. None of the Above
3. The digestive system produces which of these chemicals?
a. Gastric juice b. Saliva c. Pancreatic juice d. All of the above
4. This article is mainly about _____.
a. The mouth
b. The system that circulates our blood
c. The small intestine
5. Food must be broken down into _____before it can pass into the bloodstream.
a. Molecules b. Proteins c. Atoms d. Liquid
6. The esophagus is _____.
a. The tube from the mouth to the stomach
b. The organ that digests protein
c. Another name for the stomach
d. The organ that produces bile

7. Digestive enzymes are _____.

a. Muscles b. Organs c. Foods d. Chemical
IDENTIFY THE PARTS OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AND GIVE THEIR FUNCTIONS.
USE THE GIVEN RANDOM PICTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE DIFFERENT DIGESTIVE
ORGANS. PUT THEM IN PROPER COLUMN IN THE TABLE PROVIDED.

Parts Picture Function

1. T_ _ _ _ E

2. S_ _ _ _ _ _Y
G_ _ _ _S

3. E_ _P H_ _ _ _

4. _T _ M_ _ _

5. S_M__

I _ _ _ _ _ _ _E
IDENTIFY THE PARTS OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AND GIVE THEIR FUNCTIONS.
USE THE GIVEN RANDOM PICTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE DIFFERENT DIGESTIVE
ORGANS. PUT THEM IN PROPER COLUMN IN THE TABLE PROVIDED.

Parts Picture Function

6. L___R

7. P _ _ _R _ _S

8. G _ _ L BL _ _ _ _ _

9. L_ _ _E
I _ _ _ _ _ _ _E

10. R_ _ _ _M
A SWEET BREAK
Objectives:
After performing this activity, you should be able to:
1. describe the process of mechanical digestion; and
2. explain how the physical breaking down of food helps in its digestion.
Materials Needed:
• clear containers
• warm water
• two pieces of candies (hard candies)
• mortar and pestle
 paper towel
 Procedure:
1. Fill the two containers with warm water. Make sure that the amount of
water placed in each container is about the same. Label the glasses A
and B.
2. Prepare two pieces of candies. Wrap a piece of candy in a paper towel
and crush it using a mortar and pestle or any hard object like a piece
of wood.
3. Place one piece of candy into the glass of warm water labeled A and
place the crushed pieces of candy in the remaining glass of warm
water labeled B.
4. Observe how long it takes for the whole candy in Glass A and the
crushed pieces of candy in Glass B to dissolve.
5. Record your observation.
 Observation:

Questions:

1. How does crushing the candy to smaller pieces affect its dissolution?
______________________________________________________________________________

2. What does crush the candy represent in the process of digestion?

______________________________________________________________________________

Conclusion:
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
MAKE AN ESSAY ABOUT THE FOLLOWING TOPICS. THE RUBRICS
IS PROVIDED AS YOUR GUIDE FOR GRADING.

1. The Digestion processes (Ingestion, digestion,

absorption, assimilation, excretion)
2. The importance of Digestive System for the
survival of the organisms.
RUBRIKS
Criterion Descriptor
Subject Knowledge All Concept requirements were covered
(3) All concepts were discussed accurately &
thoroughly
Organization (2) Information was presented in an
interesting & logical manner
REFLECTION
Today, something new that I learned was_________
I need to work on ___________________________
I need help with ____________________________