Professional Documents
Culture Documents
3/19/2003
Serine proteases
•Diverse and widespread proteolytic enzymes
•Involved in digestion, development, clotting,
inflammation…
•Common catalytic mechanism
Use of an Artificial Substrate
P-Nitrophenolate is very
yellow while the acetate is
colorless. This is an example
of an artificial substrate!
The kinetics show
1. A “burst phase” where the product is rapidly
formed with amounts stoichiometric with the
enzyme.
2. Slower steady state that is independent of
substrate concentration.
A covalent bond between a Serine and the substrate
suggests an “active Serine”. These Serines can be
labeled with inhibitors such as diidopropyl
phosphofluoridate specifically killing the enzyme.
Ser 195 is specifically labeled
DIPF is extremely toxic because other active Serines
can be labeled. Such as acetylcholine esterase.
dA
v k A
dt k = the rate constant of the
reaction
Instantaneous rate: the rate of reaction at any specified
time point that is the definition of the derivative.
We can predict the shape of the curve if we know the
order of the reaction.
A second order reaction: 2A P
d A
k A
2
v
dt
Or for A + B P + Q
d A d B
v k A B
dt dt
Percent change in A (ratio ) versus time in first and
second order reactions
It is difficult to determine if the reaction is either first or
second order by directly plotting changes in
concentration.
dA d A
k A kdt
dt A
A t
lnA lnA o kt
dA
A A - k 0 dt
o
A o
A o
A Plugging in
ln 2 kt 1
2 to rate equation A
2
ln 2 0.693
t1
2 k k
The half-life of a first order reaction can be used to
determine the amount of material left after a length
of time.
The time for half of the reactant which is initially
present to decompose or change.
32
P, a common radioactive isotope, emits an
energetic particle and has a half-life of 14 days.
14
C has a half life of 5715 years.
A second order reaction such like 2A P
dA o
A t
-
A o A
2
k
0
dt
1 1
kt
A Ao
When the reciprocal of the concentration is plotted verses time a
second order reaction is characteristic of a straight line.
1
t1
k A o
The half-life of a second order reaction is
2
and shows a dependents on the initial concentration
The Transition State
A B C
Ha + Hb Hc Ha Hb + Hc
‡
K
X
‡ k' = rate constant for the decom-
position of the activated complex
AB
- RTlnK G
‡ ‡
d P G
AB
-
k' e RT
dt
This hump is the activation barrier or kinetic barrier for a reaction.
Consider
A I P
k1 k2
If one reaction step is much slower than all the rest this step
acts as a “bottleneck” and is said to be the rate-limiting step
Catalysis lowers the activation energy
Catalysts act to lower the activation barrier of the reaction being
catalyzed by the enzyme.