Govt.

College, Narnaul

Seminar
on
Female gametophyte
Department of Botany

Submitted by
Muskan Sharma
M.Sc final Botany
Roll no.191161104075
 STRUCTURE OF EMBRYO SAC

• A typical mature embryo sac or the female Gametophyte is

usually a 7-celled, 8-nucleated like structure preset in the
nucellus of the ovule.
• It is derived from a megaspore due to megagametogenesis
(multiple mitotic divisions)
• The functional mature Embryo sac may be a sac-
like,haploid,short-lived and heterotrophic structure
• It usually possesses, viz.,
1) The egg apparatus
2) Antipodals, and
3) The central cell.
 EGG APPARATUS :
a) It is a 3-celled structure always present in the central cell towards the micropylar end.
b) It possesses a pair of synergids and the egg cell.
c) All three cells are intactly present as a triangular structure.
d) Their protoplasts are highly polarized differentially.

SYNERGIDS :
e) These are elongated cells with a pointed or hooked end towards the microplyar end
f) The wall of synergids are incomplete.
g) They possess a mass of finger –like projections of the wall into the cytoplasm called filiform
Apparatus.
h) They may degenerate soon after fertlilization.
 THE EGG CELL :
a) It is a highly specialized and haploid structure with the polarized protoplast.
b) It is sharing the wall with the antipodals and the central cell towards the micropylar end. While, the
distal portion has a thin wall.
c) It contains the vacuolated cytoplasm with more plastids towards the micropylar end with a large
nucleus towards the distal end.
d) Its nucleaus or the female gamete results a Zygote due to the syngamy with the fusion of a male
gamete.
ANYIPODALS :
e) Antipodals are usually present in the central cell towards the chalazal end.
f) There are three antipodal cells with a variable nuclear condition ( haploid – polyploid).
g) They may be persistent or ephemeral and proliferate in number
h) They help in the noursihment of Embryo
 The central cell :
a) The central cell is the largest cell of embryo sac.
b) It is the mother cell of the endosperm after fertilization.
c) It encompasses the egg apparatus towards the micropylar end and the antipodals towards the
chalazal end.
d) It is also a polarized cell with a large central vacuole with the scanty but organrlle-nutrient rich
peripheral cytoplasm.
e) A paired or fused polar nuclei are present just below the egg apparatus . it is usually diploid but
often exists with a polyploidy condition.
f) The polar nuclei may be fused and resulting the primary Endosperm Nucleus (PEN) which later on
fuses with the nucleus of another male gamete (Triple fusion) and develops into endosperm.
 TYPE OF EMBRYO SAC DEVELOPMENT

• Based on the number of megaspores involved in embryo sac formation 3 types of embryo sac
development observed
- Monosporic
- Bisporic
- Tetrasporic
 MONOSPORIC EMBRYO SAC DEVELOPMENT

• OUT OF 4 ONLY HAPLOID MEGASPORE TAKES PART IN EMBRYO SAC

DEVELOPMENT
• 2 TYPES OF MONOSPORIC EMBRYO SAC DEVELOPMENT

 POLYGONUM TYPE
 OENOTHERA TYPE
 POLYGONUM TYPE

• Commonest & present in 80% angiosperms

• First noticed in polygonum divaricatum by strasburger in 1879
• Among the megaspore tetrads only one chalazal megaspore survives
• It divides mitotically by 3 successive divisions produce 8 haploid nuclei, without wall formation
• They organized as 3-celled egg apparatus, 3 celled chalazal cells and two central polar nuclei
which later fused to form the diploid secondary nucleus
 OENOTHERA TYPEM

• First reported in oenothera lamarkiana by hofmeister in 1849

• The embryo sac developed from micropylar megaspore
• The embryo sac is 4- nucleate and is compused of
• 3-celled egg apparatus and one polar nucleus
 BISPORIC EMBRYO SAC DEVELOPMENT

• No tetrad in megaspore development

• From the dyad one degenerates and the other develops into embryo sac
Allium type :
• Reported in allium fistulosum by strasburger in 1879
• The functional megaspore is the chalazal one
• From it by three mitotic divisions 8- nucleate embryo sac is formed and latter organized to 7-
celled structure.
 BISPORIC EMBRYO SAC DEVELOPMENT

ENDYMION TYPE :
• Reported in endymion hispanicus
• The functional megaspore is the micropylar one
• From it by three mitotic division 8-nucleate embryo sac is formed and latter organized to 7-celled
structure
THANKS FOR WATCHING

Presented by : Muskan Sharma