FILTERS & MEMBRANES

GROUP 5:
ATIZON, ME-ANN
DAGAMI, ARA MAE
PACAŃA, JOVIE
 Filtration of gases and liquids is very critical in all
sectors of the fluid-handling industry to maintain fluid
cleanliness. Achieving such cleanliness plays an
important role in extending the service life of system
components

 In practice, filtration is the recovery of a material that is

either wanted for reuse or unwanted, so that it can
readily be withdrawn from the system. It is a separation
process in which gas steam or liquid slurry is purified by
the use of a filter.

 Filters are classified as full flow and proportional or

partial flow.
In a full-flow filter, all the fluid that enters the
unit passes through the filtering element; in a proportional
flow filter, only a portion of the fluid passes through the
element.
CLASSIFICATION OF FILTERS
 CAKE FILTERS

Is a type of depth filtration where

solid particles are captured on the
surface of a porous filter medium to
form a layer known as a filter cake.
Cake filters accumulate appreciable
quantities of filtered solids on the
surface of a medium.
 PRESSURE FILTER

Pressure filters operate under super

atmospheric pressure at the filtering
surface and at that pressure or more
downstream.
Pressure filters offer several advantages,
including high filtration efficiency, fast
filtration rates, and the ability to handle
large volumes of fluid. They are widely
used in applications such as water
treatment, chemical processing,
pharmaceutical manufacturing, and food
and beverage processing, among others.
 GRAVITY FILTERS

Gravity filters operate at the

available hydrostatic pressure of the
fluid above, hydraulic filters
combine the principles of a filter and
a hydraulic press.
A gravity filter is a type of filtration
system that relies on the force of
gravity to drive the filtration process.
TYPE OF FILTERS
 GAS FILTERS

Air and other gas filtration represents a less

exciting part of the filtration business than liquid
filtration.
Gas filtration helps to promote environmental
protection and personal health and safety and to
keep atmospheric and internal air quality as high
as possible—not forgetting that it increases
process efficiency.
A gas filter, also known as a gas filtration system
or gas filter element, is a device used to remove
particulate matter, contaminants, or impurities
from gases.
 TYPE OF GAS FILTER:
BAG FILTERS

Bag filters are the most commonly used in

air filtering. They are manufactured in
different filter classes for a great variety of
filtering purposes, and they can be divided
into coarse mesh and fine filters. Bag filters
are made of glass or synthetic fiber.
 TYPE OF GAS FILTER:
CARTRIDGE GAS FILTER

Cartridge filters are developed for

remove of dust, rust, and other
solid particles from a stream of
dry gas or air.
Cartridge filters are encased in
welded bodies designed in
conformance with the standards
governing the construction of
pressure vessels.
 TYPE OF GAS FILTER:
PANEL FILTERS

Panel filters are used in general

ventilation systems as a main filter
or prefilter of a multistage filtration.
Panel filters are suitable for
ventilation units, which have limited
space for a filter. Panel filters are
manufactured of progressive
thermally smoothened synthetic
polyester that has a high dust-
holding capacity and high constancy
for humidity.
 LIQUID FILTERS

Liquid filtration is also

known as macro filtration.
This is characterized by
removal of particles between
1 and 100 μm in diameter.
 TYPE OF LIQUID FILTER:
CARTRIDGE LIQUID
FILTER

o Cartridge filters are normally used for

fluid polishing, with the particle size to be
separated smaller than about 50 μm.
• In the manufacturing industry, it aids in
the removal of contaminants from a more
valuable fluid and increases product yield.
• A cartridge filter uses a replaceable filter
element, generally cylindrical in shape
and long with respect to its diameter,
which operates by filtering a fluid from
the outside of a cartridge to its inside.
 TYPE OF LIQUID FILTER:
SAND (DEEP BED) FILTERS

Sand filters are used for water purification. A

sand bed filter is a type of depth filter.

THREE MAIN TYPES:

Rapid Gravity Sand Filter
Upflow Sand Filters
Slow Sand Filters
 T H R E E M A I N T Y P E S O F S A N D F I LT E R

RAPID GRAVITY SAND FILTER

Rapid Gravity Sand Filters are known for
their high filtration rates and efficiency in
removing suspended solids and turbidity
from water. They are widely used in
municipal water treatment plants, industrial
process water treatment, and drinking water
purification. Rapid Gravity Sand Filters can
be configured in various sizes and capacities
to accommodate different flow rates and
treatment requirements.
UP-FLOW SAND FILTER

An upflow sand filter is a type of water

filtration system that operates by passing
water upward through a bed of sand or
other granular media.

Upflow sand filters are commonly used

in water treatment applications where
high-quality filtration is required,
including municipal water treatment
plants, industrial process water
treatment, and groundwater remediation.
SLOW SAND FILTER
A slow sand filter is a type of water filtration
system that utilizes a bed of sand to remove
suspended solids, pathogens, and other
impurities from water.

Slow sand filters are known for their ability

to produce high-quality filtered water with
low turbidity and microbial contamination
levels.

One of the key advantages of slow sand

filters is their low energy and maintenance
requirements compared to other filtration
technologies. However, slow sand filters have
a relatively low filtration rate and require a
large surface area to achieve sufficient
throughput.
TYPES OF LIQUID FILTER:
FILTER PRESSES

The origins of many, if not most, filter

presses are in areas were clay fields were
exploited (i.e., places where semi-colloidal,
plastic, or poor draining material had to be
dewatered and brought to as low a moisture
content as was feasible).
Filter presses offer several advantages,
including high filtration efficiency, low
operating costs, and the ability to handle a
wide range of slurry compositions and solids
concentrations.
 TYPE OF LIQUID FILTER:
PRESSURE LEAF FILTERS

The pressure leaf filter is a MS/SS

vertical vessel with filter leaves inside.
The leaves are mounted vertically on a
common manifold pipe, through which
the filtered liquid flows out. On the top,
the leaves are held by a vibrating shaft.
 APPLICATIONS OF PRESSURE
LEAF FILTERS
Edible-oil industry
- bleached, winterized, deodorized, hydrogenated, and fractionized oils; dewaxing; catalyst; mineral
oil; sulfur.
Beverage industry
- for glucose, fruit juices, cold drinks, sugar, vinegar.
Chemical industry
- for organic and inorganic salts, dyes, chemicals, plasticizers.
Pharmaceutical industry
- for pharmaceutical intermediates, syrup, bulk drugs, antibiotics, intravenous solutions.
Petrochemical industry
- crude oil, liquefied petroleum gas, lubricating oil, sulfur
TYPE OF LIQUID FILTER:
COALESCING FILTERS

The main function of coalescing filters is to

trap and, subsequently, remove liquid oil and
water from a compressed air or gas stream.
The secondary purpose is to remove
particulate matter.

Coalescing filters must be used according to

manufacturers’ specifications to keep liquid
collected from being re-entrained into the
airstream.
MECHANISMS OF FILTRATION
 DEPTH STRAINING

Depth straining applies to felts and nonwoven materials that are relatively thick
compared to pore diameters, and where the pore diameters are quite variable in
their length. The particles penetrate the pores until they reach a necking point,
where the diameter becomes smaller than the particle, and at this point the
particle is trapped in the pore.

Unlike surface filtration, where particles are primarily captured on the surface
of the filter medium, depth straining involves the entrapment of particles within
the depth of the filter medium itself.
 SURFACE STRAINING

In surface straining, the particle is larger than the pores and

simply cannot pass through. Particles smaller than the pore
diameters pass through the medium and are not separated.
This type of separation is generally not associated with
nonwoven fabrics but, rather, with media that have uniform
pore openings. Examples are woven mesh fabrics, screens,
and membrane materials where the openings are uniform in
diameter.
 DEPTH FILTRATION
Depth filtration is different from depth
straining, It involves mechanisms for
removing a particle from a fluid even
though the particle may be smaller than
the diameter at any point in the pore
structure.
CAKE FILTRATION
Cake (or surface) filtration involves
the capture of particles on the surface
(or near the surface) of a filter
medium so that the buildup of
particulate matter into a layer of filter
cake participates in the filtration
process. Surface-modified
needlefelts.
 FILTER SELECTION

CHEMICAL
CAPATIBILITY
ACCURATE PORE SIZE

 Hydrophilic Versus Hydrophobic Filters

 Extractables
 Filter Durability
 Adsorption
 HYDROPHILIC FILTERS
 Attracted to water
 Often used in water filtration
 Typically made of materials like
hydrophilic polymers such as nylon or
polyethersulfone (PES)
VS. HYDROPHOBIC FILTERS
 Repels water
 Oil and Gas filtration
 Made of hydrophobic polymers such as
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), or
ceramics that need to be chemically
treated to achieve hydrophobicity.
HYDROPHILIC VERSUS HYDROPHOBIC
 EXTRACTABLES
• Substances present in the composition of the
filter medium or filter manufacturing process
that may be leached into the fluid as it is
filtered, thereby affecting the final
chromatography results.
ADSORPTION
• It describes the way some filter materials cling to or attract certain
molecules from the liquid being filtered.
FILTER DURABILITY
This is the filter’s ability to resist select
chemicals so that the pore structure is not
affected adversely by chemical exposure.
Compatibility requires that you consider the
effects of temperature, concentration, applied
pressure, and length of exposure.
 ACCURATE PORE SIZE

 Refers to the consistency and precision with which a filter allows

particles of a specific size to pass through while capturing anything
larger.
 The goal is to determine the space size between column packing
beads and remove all particles of that size and greater to ensure
continuous column use without plugging. Once you select the
optimal pore size for your application, you must rely on the filter
manufacturer to provide an accurate pore size rating.
PARTICLE-SIZE MEASUREMENT
TECHNIQUES

 Image Analysis
 Direct Mechanical Measurement
 Ultrasonics
 Laser Scattering Technology
 WHY MEASURE PARTICLE SIZE?

IMPORTANCE:
 Recovery of valuable minerals can be compromised by particles outside the optimal size
range.
 Excessive grinding increases energy consumption significantly in mills and can reduce
throughput.
 Reagent consumption increases with finer particle size.
 Changes in particle size cause unwanted variability in reagent consumption and process
operation.
 Filtration and thickening capacity decrease with finer particle size.
 Water recovery and tailings disposal is affected by particle-size distribution.
 Finer products in wet plants can mean higher transport costs and increased cost in
downstream processing.
 IMAGE ANALYSIS
Involves using digital images to extract meaningful information about the size and
other characteristics of particles.

How does it work:

 Capture the sample containing particles using a camera or imaging device.
 Image processing:
• Isolate particles: Separate individual particles from the background and each other using
techniques like segmentation.
• Measure dimensions: Employ algorithms and tools to measure relevant dimensions like length,
width, or diameter of each particle.
 Data analysis:
• Distribution: Analyze the data to understand the frequency of particles within different size
ranges, often presented as histograms.
• Statistics: Calculate statistical parameters like average particle size, size range, and distribution
parameters to summarize the data.
 DIRECT MECHANICAL MEASUREMENT

Is a technique used to determine the size of individual particles

in a sample by physically measuring them as they pass through
a small gap.

How it works:
•A representative sample containing particles is fed into the
instrument.
•The sample passes between two ceramic elements - one
moving, one fixed.
•Any individual particle that gets caught between the
elements is measured by the moving element's position
change, detected by an electronic sensor.
•This measurement happens at a rate of two per second.
 ULTRASONICS
Refers to a technique that utilizes high-frequency sound waves
to determine the size and distribution of particles in a
suspension.
How does it works:
 Sound wave transmission: High-frequency sound waves (ultrasound)
are emitted from a transducer into the suspension containing the particles.
 Particle interaction: The sound waves interact with the particles in the
suspension.
1. Larger particles scatter the sound waves more effectively than smaller
particles. The major limitations in
mineral processing
2. The intensity and pattern of the scattered sound waves depend on the size
operations are its
and properties of the particles. sensitivity to air
 Signal detection: A receiver detects the scattered sound waves. entrainment, flaky
 Data analysis: The intensity and other characteristics of the received signal particles, solids content,
are analyzed using specialized software. This analysis allows for the calculation and slurry viscosity
of particle size and distribution based on the interaction between the sound changes.
waves and the particles.
 LASER SCATTERING
TECHNOLOGY
Refers to a method that uses laser light to analyze particles or molecules in a fluid or
gas. It utilizes the interaction of light with the particles to determine their size based
on the scattering patterns of the light.

How does it works:

 A focused beam of light shines on the sample.
 Particles are suspended in a liquid or gas to move freely.
 Particles scatter the light based on their size.
Larger particles scatter at smaller angles.
Smaller particles scatter at wider angles.
 Detectors around the sample collect the scattered light.
 Software analyzes the light patterns to determine particle size and distribution.
In practice, lase diffraction offers the following advantages:
1. The method is nondistructive and nonintrusive.
2. The measurement exhibits high resolution; up to 20 size fractions can be
displayed in addition to specific surface area.
3. The method is absolute, giving volumetric particle size without need for
external calibration. This is equal to weight distribution if density is constant.
4. The method is rapid— results are produced in just over 1 min.
5. The technique is applicable over a wide particle-size range with excellent
precision and repeatability. The online system described below can achieve 1
to 2% relative precision of the distribution medium over the size range 1 to
500 μm.
 FILTER LOCATIONS

• Most common device installed in hydraulic systems to prevent

foreign particles and contamination from in the system.
• Three major locations:
-Suction lines
-Return lines
-Pressure lines.
 PRESSURE LINE FILTERS

• Usually located at the point of pump discharge

• Protects system components that are located immediately
downstream of the pump.
• Usually have elements with 1 to 5 μm and have a beta ratio
above 50.
• Designed to withstand full system pressure and any cyclic
pulses
 PRESSURE LINE FILTERS

• Usually located at the point of pump discharge

• Protects system components that are located immediately
downstream of the pump.
• Usually have elements with 1 to 5 μm and have a beta ratio
above 50.
• Designed to withstand full system pressure and any cyclic
pulses
 S U C T I O N L I N E F I LT E R S

• Normally located at the suction line of a pump.

• Protect the pump from particles that can damage the downstream
components.
• Should have relatively coarse mesh or very large fine mesh, about
150 μm.
- too fine filters could increase filter clogs
 R E T U R N L I N E F I LT E R S

• Located on the return line just before the line enters the reservoir.
• Prevent generated or ingested contaminants from entering the reservoir.

• These filters can be offered with ratings from 3 to 25 μm. But it depends
on the required cleanliness
- Ex. if the required cleanliness is 10 μm a filter of 10 μm or less is used
 MEMBRANE FILTRATION

• Utilizes thin sheets of permeable material (polymers, ceramics and

metals).
• Membrane filter media are configured into sheet formats: pleated
or tubular filters.
• Membrane filter media are classified according to the pore sizes:
- between 0.1 and 20 μm are used in microfiltration
- between 0.001 and 0.1 μm are used in ultrafiltration
 ULTRAFILTRATION

• Membrane separation process that separates particulate

matter from soluble components in the water due to pressure.
• Has two primary flow designs:
- dead-end filtration
- cross-flow mode
 M I C R O F I LT R AT I O N

• A filtration process that operates as a physical sieving separation

process.
• Typically used in used for fermentation broth clarification and
biomass clarification and recovery.
• Has the largest pore size of the wide variety of membrane
filtration systems available.
- Recall: Pore sizes between 0.1 and 20 micrometers
 REVERSE OSMOSIS

• Is the finest level of filtration available.

• This membrane acts as a barrier to all dissolved salts and
inorganic molecules, as well as organic molecules
• Uses for this membrane include desalination of seawater or
brackish water, wastewater recovery, food and beverage
processing, biomedical separations, and purification of home
drinking water.
 NANOFILTRATION

• Special process selected when

RO and UF are not the ideal choice for separation.
• Used primarily to separate low-molecular-weight organics and
multivalent salts from monovalent salts and water.
• Commonly used in spiral-wound elements, but other
configurations like tubular, hollow-fiber, flat sheet, and plate and
frame modules are also available.
 PREPARATION FOR
MAINTENANCE

Preparation for maintenance is based on the procedure established for the specific filter: rotary vacuum,
sand, and to some extent, clay. These filters are process equipment used directly in-line, unlike the flush
oil and air filters used in process utilities.
1. Mostly important, make sure that the filter is isolated. Double blocking and spade blinding are
required when any hot work is to be carried out on the filter. Spading is recommended where process
flammable fluids are employed.
2. Drain out any hydrocarbon to a closed system.
3. Open the vent and air-purge to the atmosphere. However, flammables are to be flared until no traces
are noticed when work or entry is required.
4. Open the manways and authorize entry when safety is guaranteed.
 END OF PRESENTATION
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