Architectural Seminar-II (ARCH364)

Cost Reduction in Affordable

housing through technological
methods
Akshat Jain
Amitoje Singh
Siddhi Goel

Amitoje Singh|Akshat Jain|Siddhi Goel

 Architectural Seminar-II (ARCH364)

Affordable Housing
• Based on the studies made and analysis carried out, it has been observed that the highest gap between demand
and supply of housing is found to exist in the annual income range of Rs 2-3 lakhs because of the limitations
imposed by minimum disposable income surplus placed at 30-35%.
• This considerably reduces the purchasing capacity of EWS income group particularly the shelter, which is highly
cost- intensive.
• Based on the defined norms and the concept given, the cost of the dwelling unit needs to be rationalized to bring
it within the affordability limits.
• The cost of house can be made more rational and affordable if the developer’s margin is lowered and cost of
construction is reduced by using state of art/ cost effective technologies, using cost- effective locally based building
materials, materials made from waste, effective project management and production of houses on a mass basis
leading to economy of scale.
• However, the price of dwelling unit will vary depending upon location, cost of land, FAR, density, number of
dwelling units permitted per unit area and government charges.

Amitoje Singh|Akshat Jain|Siddhi Goel

 Architectural Seminar-II (ARCH364)

Issues in Developing Affordable Housing

Based on the existing scenario, major issues identified in developing adequate housing can be enumerated as
under:
a) Low availability of developed land
Major issues leading to shortage of urban land have been identified as:
i) Excessive parastatal control on the development of land;
ii) Lack of marketable land parcels;
iii) High degree of encroachments on public land;
iv) Poor land information system;
v) Cumbersome legal and procedural framework for sourcing land;
vi) Restrictions imposed by the planning mechanism including master plans, zonal plans.
vii) Irrational building regulations, leading to inefficient utilization of valuable urban land.
vii) Restrictive government policies and approach.

Amitoje Singh|Akshat Jain|Siddhi Goel

 Architectural Seminar-II (ARCH364)

Issues in Developing Affordable Housing

b) Rising Threshold Cost of Construction
• Followed by the cost of land, cost of construction constitutes major proportion of cost of house.
• Construction costs form nearly 50 to 60% of the total selling price in affordable housing projects while for
luxury projects this figure ranges between 18 to 20%.
• However, due to rapidly rising cost of building materials, outdated construction technologies, wastage of
materials, cost of labor, lack of skilled manpower, high cost of transportation, globalization and liberalization
of economies, the cost of affordable housing is rising rapidly.
• Hence, construction cost minimization remains vital and critical in making affordable housing projects viable
and affordable.
• Raw materials, including steel, cement, sand, bricks, etc., have witnessed price escalation ranging from 20-
50% in the recent past.
• Success of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) scheme, has led to the reduction in
availability of labor for construction making construction costs higher due to considerable rise in wage
levels.

Amitoje Singh|Akshat Jain|Siddhi Goel

Issues in Developing Affordable Housing
c) Rigid land use planning
• Master Plans, Development Plans, Controlled Area Plans prepared for the rational growth and development
of the city and periphery, do not provide enough space for most of the urban residents and migrants.
• The informal sector and poor find no place in the planning process/strategies. This leads to their exclusion
and their demand for shelter and employment remaining unfulfilled.
• For making affordable housing a distinct reality, mechanism, approach, intent, content and scope of these
plans need to be re-defined by making poor and informal sector, integral part of city planning and
development process.
d) One Solution fit all Approach
• Considering the existing scenario, it is observed that present approach to housing shortage does not look at
the fine grains of housing typologies required to meet the housing shortage and is limited only to the EWS
and LIG housing.
• Considering the large number of migrants and persons who come to urban areas for working, learning and
staying for a short period, formal housing should not be the only choice and option for shelter.
• For such residents, rental housing, creating temporary shelter and hostel type accommodation would suffice
which requires lesser resources and funds for creation. Thus, a variety of living spaces need to be created to
overcome the shortage of living space.
Issues in Developing Affordable Housing
e) Irrational Building Bye-Laws
• Pattern and extent of land utilization in urban areas is closely linked to the building regulations governing the
city/ area.
• Land-use regulations include minimum lot sizes, minimum parking requirements, maximum floor-to-area
ratio or floor space index (FSI), maximum height permitted, ground coverage, setbacks, basement, distance
between buildings etc.
• These regulations are known to have considerable impact on the utilization of the land. These can be relaxed
or made more rational to address defined housing needs based on city demographic trends.
• Looking at the prevailing population density, Indian cities are known to have some of the most restrictive FSI
in the world (1.5 in Chennai, 3.25 in Bengaluru and 3.5 in Mumbai when compared to 20 in Tokyo and 25 in
Singapore (IDFC Institute,2018).
• These regulations will need, critical and objective review, revision and redefinition on priority for optimizing
land resource, adopting cutting edge building materials and construction technologies.
A Way Forward
To create large stock of housing in the country and to put affordable housing on fast track of growth and
development, following options are suggested:
• Promoting strong project and cost- management
Adopting professional and dedicated project and cost- management approach in planning, designing and
construction, would minimize time span for completion of the project, bringing high degree of cost- efficiency
by eliminating time and cost-over run.
• Single Window Clearance
Putting in place an effective and efficient mechanism of single window clearance, to ensure approval of the
projects within a prescribed time frame, not exceeding three months, will go a long way in ensuring early
completion of the project and avoiding any cost escalation.
• Using Peri- urban areas
Peri- urban areas with basic infrastructures, services and transport should be permitted to be used for creating
affordable housing due to lower prevailing land cost.
A Way Forward
• Creating Land Bank
Creating large stock of affordable housing through the active involvement of private sector, will require
promoting a dedicated Land Bank, for making available off the shelf land parcels, with all required clearances,
to developers under a joint venture mechanism.
• Innovative and state of art architectural designs
Innovative and state of art architectural designs, providing for highest building efficiency, optimum utilization of
land resource, optimum structural design, cost-effective building technologies/services, use of large
prefabricated components and minimum maintenance and upkeep, would be critical for creating cost-effective
affordable housing.
• Green Buildings
For promoting affordable living, designing affordable housing on the concept of Green Buildings would help in
considerable reduction of operational cost of the house, over the entire life cycle of the building, due to
reduced energy and water consumption besides lower generation of waste to make the dwellings cost-effective
and sustainable.
A Way Forward
• Long term tie up of conventional materials
Longer gestation period and other externalities, not only increase the cost of essential materials but also
sometimes disrupt their supply, which adversely impacts the sustainability of the project. In order to hedge the
project against the cost-escalation of essential materials including cement, steel, bricks, tiles sand, wood etc
and to ensure the assured supply of critical materials during the project life cycle, it will be vital to have long
term tie up with the producers/suppliers of such materials.
• Promoting locally available building materials
Encouraging research and development and promoting industries producing materials from industrial and
agricultural waste would not only increase the availability of cost-effective materials but also reduce depletion
of non-renewable resources, used for creating conventional building materials.
• Redefining Master Plans
For making adequate land available for affordable housing at local level, all planning agencies must be
mandated to provide dedicated land use zones for affordable housing in the Master Plans, based on population
projected to be living in the city. These pockets should be developed on time bound basis. No conversion of
such pockets to any other use/higher category of housing should be permitted. These guidelines should also be
made part of UDPFI Guidelines / NBC for their implementation.
Affordable housing techniques
• Conventional Formwork Systems consisting timber and steel:
Formwork is basically, a temporary or permanent mould into which concrete and other similar
materials are poured that is then removed or left to benefit the construction. It is one of the
popular low-cost construction technology in India. They are easy to construct and de-construct,
easy to handle due to their lightweight and extremely flexible nature.

• Aluminium Formwork Construction Technology:

Aluminium Formwork System is a construction system for forming cast in place concrete structure of
a building. It is also a system for scheduling and controlling the work of other construction trades
such as steel reinforcement, concrete placement and mechanical and electrical conduits.
Affordable housing techniques
• Prefer load-bearing structure over framed one (More Economical, easy to construct)

• Foundation Of The Building: Normally, the depth of a building foundation should be 3-4 feet deep
in the soil. But this can be altered to around 2 feet in depth for typical soils. This can save a lot of
time and the total costs.

• Hollow Concrete Block Load Bearing Walls for Low-Cost Housing Construction

• Filler Slabs for Ceilings: These are the normal RCC slabs where the bottom concrete is replaced
with filler materials such as bricks, tiles, cellular blocks, etc.

• Cavity walls can also be used in the construction.

Conventional Method of construction
• Conventional construction is a method of ordinary or standard
construction. It commonly involves the utility of traditional materials
and remains within a particular set of parameters.
• Most conventional structure buildings are based upon plans of
moderate and simple measurements, as well as regular floor plans.
• Conventional method of construction is cast in situ construction.
Advantages of conventional methods
1) It embraces various building shapes.

2) It can be assumed to be more or less monolithic.

3) Connection are homogeneous with rest of the frame.

4) It is easily used for two-way structural systems.

5) It is not necessary to pay for crane on site.

6) Construction can proceed independently of weather conditions.

7) Better working conditions for the building operatives.

Disadvantages of conventional method
1) High number of labor required

2) Erection of formwork is time consuming.

3) The quality control is difficult.

4) Once the concrete has been cast it is too difficult to do any modifications.

5) weather can create problems for curing, and for construction itself.

6) Erecting and interconnecting them to form the final structure.

7) Concrete must cure before it is loaded.

8) Quality control of finish surfaces is not assured.

Factors affecting cost in construction
• Transportation of materials
• Labour costs
• Design costs
• Taxes and subsidies on materials
• Energy costs
Transportation Costs
• The cost of transportation of construction materials is high. Transportation
includes carriages, trailers, trucks and different types of cargo.
• In conventional method, transportation is mandatory. Generally, these costs can
be up to 10% to 20% of total construction.
• Transportation costs also include tolls, duties and cost of fuel.
• To reduce the cost of transportation, we should use energy efficient vehicles and
eliminate the usage of old vehicles. Energy efficient vehicles can also be rented.
Aluminium Formwork
• Aluminium Formwork System is a construction system for forming cast in place concrete structure
of a building. It is also a system for scheduling and controlling the work of other construction
trades such as steel reinforcement, concrete placement and mechanical and electrical conduits.
• The System is fast, simple, adaptable and very cost effective.
• It is unique because it forms all of the concrete in a building including walls, floor slabs, columns,
beams, stairs, window hoods, balconies and various decorative features in exact accordance with
the architects' design.
• The dimensional accuracy of the concreted work also results in consistent fittings of doors and
windows.
• The smooth–off form finish of the concrete eliminates the need for costly plastering.
• Aluminium Formwork System provides Aluminium Formwork for RCC load bearing or RCC framed
multi-storied buildings and enables the walls and slabs to be poured in the same operation. These
increases efficiency and also produces an extraordinarily strong structure with excellent concrete
finish.
Advantages of Aluminium Formwork
• Savings on overhead expenses due to speedy construction (4 days per floor).
• Monolithic crack free structures.
• Doesn't require timber or plywood for construction activities.
• Casting of walls and slabs possible simultaneously.
• Doesn't require skilled labor.
• Floor slab forms removed without moving props.
• It produces quality every time.
• Aluminum formwork is light yet strong, which makes it the go-to for most people in construction.
• There are fewer leaks when using aluminum formwork since there are little to no joints between
them
• It can be recycled, so that cuts down on the amount of waste that goes into landfills
• It requires minimal maintenance costs
• It gives a good quality finish
Disadvantages of Aluminium Formwork
• Architectural changes not possible in the structure (but some walls can be of brickwork or
openings can be entertained).
• Paints for HIG schemes needs to be of superior quality. For LIG, form finish is more than
sufficient.
• They are a high-cost system, and the initial investment is often too high for most people to
afford
• It is impossible to repair it in case of a deformation
• When compared to steel formwork, setting up the aluminum version cost a lot
• It is unsuitable for smaller construction projects since the price will not make sense
• Setting it up will take a long time
• Once construction happens, you cannot go back and modify the architecture
Difference between conventional and non-conventional
method
Parameter Aluminium formwork construction Regular formwork
system

Speed of development 7 days/floor Minimum 21 days/floor

Quality of surface finish Excellent Putting is required
Pre-planning of formwork system Required Not required

Type of construction Cast-in-situ cellular construction Simple RCC

Wastage Very little Comparatively higher

Accuracy in construction Accurate Accuracy lesser than

modern systems
Coordination between offices Essential Not required
Seismic resistance Good resistance Comparatively lesser

Dismantling floor piece frames Possible Impossible

without expelling props
 CASE STUDY OF COMPARISION IN
COST OF CONVENTIONAL AND NON-
CONVENTIONAL FORMWORK
SYSTEMS
PAPER 1
• The research is done on a project of Pride group’s ‘Pride world city’ a 400 acres township at
Dhanori, Pune.
• The data is about an aluminium formwork building named ‘4A6’ and a conventional formwork
building named ‘4B3’ both buildings are 12 floors high and have an area of 860.77 Sqm, having 6
flats of 3BHK(2) and 2BHK(4).
Sr. No. Content Aluminium formwork building Conventional building
1 Concrete grade M15, M25, M40 M15, M25, M30, M40
2. Thickness of wall 310mm, 300mm, 160mm, 230mm, 200mm,
140mm 160mm, 150mm,
100mm
3. Steel 8mm, 12mm, 16mm, 8mm, 12mm,
25mm, 32mm 16mm, 25mm
4. Slab 130mm, 110mm, 180mm, 110mm, 130mm,
200mm 150mm, 175mm
5. No. of floors 12 12
6 Area 2BHK : 100.68sqm, 2BHK :100.68sqm
3BHK : 137.75sqm 3BHK : 137.75sqm

https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/48455900/Comparative_analysis_on_cost_and_duration_of_MIVAN_formwork_building_and_Conventional_Formwork_building-with-cover-page-v2.pdf?
Expires=1667159251&Signature=d77fMCa7dnKSF0tOZe7OYhPS9qzG4QqpVdTxPAuTsgG3-G2d0TEy9J-
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JYpmhjGtvx6zE6ejUcQYncaDGCgC93MWjQxpreF5ek~dRVSEzYLo~WnT5pIYVEbQ2kqffL3hJjzXcWr1WGQsCDSCF3plcVHJECCM95NqMfBJd3v8XXK9keUILDYT5AWuFBm64dbI5jNeZeaQM4UafZ~uH-
A3rGZnaMXeBfrSzCFoaZY0w9w7jbf37IC6vw__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA
The Result calculation are as follows:
a) Aluminum Formwork building
1. Cost of foundation of building =Rs.5000000
2. Cost of G+12 floor of area 771.92 Sqm=Rs.42250000
3. Total cost of building=Rs.42750000
b) Conventional Formwork building
1. Cost of foundation of building =Rs.5000000
2. Cost of G+12 floor of area 771.92 Sqm=Rs.48250000
3. Total cost of building=Rs.48750000

Cost of MIVAN formwork building is 14.04 percent cheaper than the Conventional Formwork building.
 PAPER 2
•This case study is about a residential unit made of aluminium formwork and also conventional
formwork. The result of the case study gives the better option in terms of cost done by estimation
and observation of the project.

•Details about case study

Built up Area = 351 sqft

1 Living Room

1 Bedroom

1 Toilet

1 Kitchen

PLAN
https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/64656908/IRJET-V7I61085-with-cover-page-v2.pdf?Expires=1667160798&Signature=dt-MA0iCviGaXcVZb7~t9oh8xvBt23JlJ4hDfnxkr9FimgelhdkXAuWisgURtluZAFDxL6zXQueACXmEO-
QqOZGqnyrzgO2BfJinHwdf9lC6K6xNuA1A7Zxvj1tKF~xp3uR6U3j1~qp~GFMRClaU~tFLHPvRIfaj7HDwe2lL93sosy9jHQgbujlreMy7L99BHHYktqvOuZdO-
ZRaPd5wBLL4qxQ7~1qy6h4wND~BdjU2dQD8KDoC0yF5WFQo9kELYscGFNltTxemPM~AEpd~wmeYMZZiGiKy10zxckymabFc~Mezc43R67sFkagq-FylYpcwBVWU4mV83m2G-dafOw__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA
 PAPER 2
• Utilizing the Aluminium formwork the all out
expense of a residential unit is Rs.10,93,474 and by
utilizing conventional technology the all out
expense is Rs.11,88,324. So the all out cost sparing
is Rs.91,850.

• In conclusion, Aluminium formwork is far superior

to traditional brickwork development.
• Right now is no prerequisite of putting dividers,
aluminium formwork will give better surface
completion. Various structures for mould include a
broad variety of good layout plans that can be
selected to fulfill the requirements of a particular
innovation.

https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/64656908/IRJET-V7I61085-with-cover-page-v2.pdf?Expires=1667160798&Signature=dt-MA0iCviGaXcVZb7~t9oh8xvBt23JlJ4hDfnxkr9FimgelhdkXAuWisgURtluZAFDxL6zXQueACXmEO-
QqOZGqnyrzgO2BfJinHwdf9lC6K6xNuA1A7Zxvj1tKF~xp3uR6U3j1~qp~GFMRClaU~tFLHPvRIfaj7HDwe2lL93sosy9jHQgbujlreMy7L99BHHYktqvOuZdO-
ZRaPd5wBLL4qxQ7~1qy6h4wND~BdjU2dQD8KDoC0yF5WFQo9kELYscGFNltTxemPM~AEpd~wmeYMZZiGiKy10zxckymabFc~Mezc43R67sFkagq-FylYpcwBVWU4mV83m2G-dafOw__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA
PAPER 3
• In this paper a study is carried out to find the most economical formwork type to be used in a high-rise building
project.
• Data is collected from M/s Sai Construction Ahmednagar. Name of Construction work on Residential Building of
KARAN RHEA Wing A,Wing B,&Wing C at Wadegaon Sheri, Pune projects and calculations are done for the total
project cost of the selected projects when using different types of formworks in the construction.
• In the calculations all the parameters are kept same and only the formwork type is changed. At the same time all
the factors affect due to the formwork type is considered. The results can be shown in a table as follows.

No.of Area of Total cost of

Project each
Floor Project
floor
(sqm)
Wing A 10 418 11,24,42,000
Wing B 15 510 13,71,90,000
Wing C 20 600 16,14,40,000

https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/34286774/COMPARATIVE_ANALYSIS_OF_FORMWORK_IN_MULTISTORY_BUILDINGv-with-cover-page-v2.pdf?
Expires=1667249718&Signature=clO13oU~QkNaUKIeM6vuz~M8MBNpQYA1tSiPQsBw6vpja2I5U9F2g-IvyrSC00-22wDA3SHzsxtZOh0GAg6FiwLcD3MxOeJi1hil2wi~T9oQep7Q0BN6QZmuVxzjyKkGAllAhCXxE-
QIGrqrCNtm~kjEZGyKIKAjdF2IUqi8a-poQr03g7C6KBF7tIuQ6b7wYr9bfY~2wKDPloej8aE0RiJ-
B8Q8cpEm2cmtJtZErCHx44Z~ymz86LKXDwdkgnZGJQFWcVlwDFYFj3FyGsFxfrVSKgX8v1ZPSFYMICTmqxdL7NNCeCrSu0aTAz8rvniMVEvTrwReReH5UsTusx2HgQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA
PAPER 3
Analysis of the Aluminium formwork for Analysis of the conventional formwork for
Typical Floor Typical Floor
Wing A Wing B Wing C Wing A Wing B Wing C
aA1 11 2 3
9.82 11.98 14.1 Form work 6.27 7.65 9.0
Form work
cost in Lakhs
cost in Lakhs

Waste disposal cost Waste disposal

in Lakhs 0 0 0 cost in Lakhs 0.31 0.38 0.45
Machinery cost in Machinery cost in
Lakhs 0.9 1.12 1.98 Lakhs 0.5 0.85 1.25

10
15
8
10 Form work
cost in Lakhs 6 Form work
5 cost in Lakhs
Waste disposal 4
0
cost in Lakhs Waist
2
Tower Tower Tower disposal cost
1 2 3 0 in Lakhs
Tower 1 Tower 2 Tower 3
https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/34286774/COMPARATIVE_ANALYSIS_OF_FORMWORK_IN_MULTISTORY_BUILDINGv-with-cover-page-v2.pdf?
Expires=1667249718&Signature=clO13oU~QkNaUKIeM6vu~zM8MBNpQYA1tSiPQsBw6vpja2I5U9F2g-IvyrSC00-22wDA3SHzsxtZOh0GAg6FiwLcD3MxOeJi1hil2wi~T9oQep7Q0BN6QZmuVxzjyKkGAllAhCXxE-
QIGrqrCNtm~kjEZGyKIKAjdF2IUqi8a-poQr03g7C6KBF7tIuQ6b7wYr9bfY~2wKDPloej8aE0RiJ-
B8Q8cpEm2cmtJtZErCHx44Z~ymz86LKXDwdkgnZGJQFWcVlwDFYFj3FyGsFxfrVSKgX8v1ZPSFYMICTmqxdL7NNCeCrSu0aTAz8rvniMVEvTrwReReH5UsTusx2HgQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA
 PAPER 4
COST COMPARISON BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL AND ALUMINIUM FORMWORK
SYSTEM
• In typical floor construction, around 20% of cost saving is possible in box type
structure over framed structure.
• Almost 40% savings in project duration in Box type structure over framed structure.
• Construction cost escalation, Labor rates increases every year at 2 to 5%.
• Cement and steel price increases every year at 10 to 15%.
• Around 5 to 8% savings in project cost is possible on reducing over heads by early
completion of projects.
• High return on investment is possible.
CONCLUSIONS
The nation's growing population is making housing an increasingly difficult task. The potential for
technical solutions to this problem is great; it only must be wisely utilized.
• Construction companies around the world have traditionally been slow to adopt new innovations and
changes. Time is required for thorough problem analysis and effective solution development.
Aluminum formwork is a cost-effective and effective solution to the issues associated with the
worldwide mass housing project.
• From the results obtained we can conclude that when the Aluminium formwork is used in the
construction project, the total project cost and the duration of the project is lesser than the
Conventional formwork system.
• When the aluminum formwork used in typical floors is used, the floor cycle will take 7 to 10 days. As a
result, the structure will take 35 to 40% less time to build than if the traditional method of construction
were used. In addition, there won't be any additional tasks like plastering and working with blocks,
which cuts the project's overall duration by 3 to 4 months.
• The Aluminium Formwork System can achieve not only faster rate of construction but can also bring
down the structural cost by 20 to 25% over the conventional method with lesser labor inputs.

Research paper name

Aluminium formwork system using in highrise buildings construction
by R. Thiyagarajan, V.Panneerselvam, K. Nagamani
PAPER 5
Line Of Balance Technique
• Construction projects like construction of multi-storeyed building, row house project, roads, laying
of pipelines projects contains repetitive activities.
• E.g., construction of row houses project involves repetitive activities like earthwork, foundation
structure, super structure, fishing etc. go on repetitive on each row house.
• For such type of projects effective technique of ‘line of balance’ (LOB) is used.
• It shows the duration, activity, and place of work, or the length of the project or stage, as part of
the management control planning process. Simply put, LOB is used to figure out how long it will
take to finish a project at each stage and when it will be finished.
LOB scheduling for aluminium formwork LOB scheduling for conventional formwork
Following activities carried out in aluminium formwork: Following activities carried out in conventional formwork:
• EARTHWORK • EARTHWORK
Site clearance Site clearance
Line out Line out
Excavation Excavation
• FOUNDATION • FOUNDATION
Foundation reinforcement fixing Foundation reinforcement fixing
Formwork erection Formwork erection
concreting concreting
plinth work plinth work and plinth filling
plinth filling • SUPER STRUCTURE
• SUPER STRUCTURE column reinforcement fixing , formwork erection and concreting
wall, column and slab reinforcement fixing beam and slab reinforcement fixing , formwork erection and concreting
formwork erection wall brickwork and curing
• FINISHING • FINISHING
Flooring Flooring
Coloring External and internal Plastering
Wall putty
Coloring
Chart -1: Lob Graph For Aluminium Formwork
Technology
 Table -1: Duration Calculation For Each Activity For Aluminium formwork

Activity Start Of Activity (Days) End Of Activity (Days)

Earthwork 1 21
RCC Erection 7 26
Formwork Erection 12 31
Concreting 21 37
Flooring 24 42
Chart -2: Lob Graph For Conventional
Formwork Technology
 Table -2: Duration Calculation For Each Activity For Conventional formwork
Activity Start Of Activity (Days) End Of Activity (Days)
Earthwork 1 31
Plinth And Foundation Work 9 38
Brickwork 16 46
Slab 24 56
Plastering 33 62
Flooring 36 65

Table -3: Duration Comparison Between Aluminium formwork And Conventional Formwork

No. of buildings to be Completion time in days

constructed
Aluminium formwork 10 42 days
Conventional formwork 10 65 days
Conclusion
• Formwork system plays a very important role in successful and timely completion of construction
project.
• From the above comparative analysis, it’s clear that Aluminium formwork is not only cost-effective but
also time saving technology in comparison with Conventional Formwork.
• Aluminium formwork is better for use in the constructions, where time saving is necessary especially
mass housing projects.
• It can be useful in the developing country like India where repetitive type of mass housing projects is
constructed.
• So, from above table we identify that aluminium formwork complete the 10 houses project in 42 days
and conventional formwork takes about 65 days and it’s clear that use of aluminium formwork is more
time saving than the conventional formwork system.

Research paper name

Comparative Analysis of Aluminium Formwork Building and Conventional
Formwork Building based on Duration by using Line of Balance (LOB) Technique
by Vijay Anil Sonawane, Harshita Ambre
 PAPER 6
The case study taken is KLEF new boy’s hostel 14
storey building being constructed in KLU
university campus, Vaddeswaram, Guntur district.
The project is proposed to facilitate the hostel for
boys.
• Name of the Project: KLEF new boy’s hostel
• Type of Project: Residential
• No of storeys: G + 14 storeys
• Name of Client: KL University

Detailed Methodology of project

Research paper name
A comparative study on newly emerging type of formwork systems with conventional
type of form work systems by Mohan Sai Gaddam and Aravindan Achuthan
 TABLE 1
Parameters Conventional Conventional steel Aluminium form
timber form work form work work

Cost (Rs.)/sq.m ₹400 ₹1000 ₹1400

Props & Accessories 2 2 Included in form work
Labour Cost (Rs.) /sq.m ₹30 ₹30 ₹35
Repetitions Cycle 7 30 120
Repetitions Cost /sq.m ₹57 ₹33 ₹20
Cycle time for casting a 4 4 3
100 sq.m (days)
Strength in KN/sq.m 30 30 80
Durability Low Low High
Finishing of surface Rough Average smooth Fair smooth
Materials wastage High Average No wastage
Planning of System Not required Not required Required
Table 1 represents the comparison of different formwork systems i.e, for Timber, Steel, Aluminum.
• Cost – for manufacturing of formwork.
• Props & accessories – for fixing the formwork in site.
• Labor cost - for fixing the formwork in site.
• Repetition cycle – how many times it can be used totally.
• Repetition cost – after usage of each time the cost for their repairs and damages.
• Cycle time for casting – time required to set up the arrangement in site.
• Strength – strength of formwork material.
• Durability – durability of formwork material.
• Finishing surface – finishing surface of formwork material.
• Materials wastage – during placing of concrete the wastage quantity.
• Planning of system – for fixing the formwork system
Calculations
• Formwork required for columns = 18754 m2
• Formwork required for beams & slabs = 52262 m2
• Formwork required for staircase = 142 m2
• Formwork required for retaining wall = 453 m2
• Total quantity of formwork required = 71611 m2

Cost
• Overall cost for conventional timber = 71611*57 + 71611*2 + 71611*30 = ₹63,73,379
• Overall cost for conventional steel = 71611*33 + 71611*2 + 71611*30 = ₹46,54,715
• Overall cost for aluminium = 71611*20 + 71611*35 = ₹39,38,605

Duration
• Duration for conventional timber = (71611*4/100)/365 = 7.8yrs
• Duration for conventional steel = (71611*4/100)/365 = 7.8yrs
• Duration for aluminium = (71611*3/100)/365 = 5.8yrs
Results and Discussion
• The figures below show a comparison of the price and time required for various formwork
systems, including conventional steel, timber, and aluminium. Using aluminium formwork is
therefore suggested based on its suitability and a few other factors, such as the speed of
construction and the availability of skilled labor.
• Conventional methods are consuming 20% more time when compared to aluminum formwork
system. Whereas aluminum formwork costs 25% less than conventional formwork systems. As a
result, the project's cost and duration can be reduced by utilizing this newly developed type of
formwork systems.

Represents the comparison of cost for different type of formwork systems Represents the comparison of duration for different type of formwork systems
 PAPER 7

• The cost of material per square meter required for mivan formwork is higher by 8500 rupees and
the number of repetitions possible for one formwork is higher by 140rupees.

• When compared to the traditional method, the cost of building with MIVAN prefabrication
increases by nearly 25%-30%.

• When compared to conventional method, the cost of building per square foot in MIVAN is up to
33% higher.

• In MIVAN, the gap in per. sq.ft building costs rises by over 392 Rs/sq.ft.

• MIVAN construction takes roughly a quarter of the time of traditional and conventional methods.
 • Analysis of cost

Comparison of Items Comparison of Cost

S Sr. Particular Conventional Aluminium Cost Difference

r. No. Method Method
N (INR) (INR)
o Content Conventional Aluminium 85,88,19,946 87,06,29,14 -1,18,09,200
. Reinforce
1 6
ment
2 Concreting 4,25,11,560 10,50,62,67 -6,25,51,112
1 Concrete Grade M35 M35 2
3 Brickwork 2,73,37,752 2,73,37,752
2 Thickness of Wall 160mm, 230mm 140mm, 160mm
32mm, 25mm, 32mm, 25mm, 16mm 4 Plaster 4,53,12,822 4,53,12,8222
16mm 10mm, 8mm
3 Steel 5 Formwork 41,500.00
10mm, 8mm 4,65,992 4,24,492

4 Slab 150mm 125mm, 150mm, 180mm Formwork (10 Repetitions) (250

Repetition)
5 No. of Floors G+26 G+26 Total = = -1285246
6 Floor Area 873.44 sq. m 873.44 sq. m
0.132%
Uneconomical by
Mivan
Duration comparison between Conventional
and Aluminium Formwork
Conventional
Method Aluminium Method
Sr. No. Activity No. of Sr. No. of
Days No. Activity Days
1 Column Shuttering 48
2 Column Steel- 48 1 All Shuttering 72
Reinforcement
2 Conceal Electrification & 72
3 Buffer 8 Plumbing
4 Beam & Slab 60 3 Steel Reinforcement 24
Shuttering
5 Beam & Slab Steel 48 4 Alignment Checking 12
Placing 5 Buffer Time 8
6 Levelling 12
6 Concrete Placing 12
7 Concrete Placing 24
8 Removal of 60 7 Removal of Vertical Formwork 8
Formwork 8 Removal of Other Formwork 56
9 Brickwork 120
9 Lifting of Wall Panel 8
10 Plastering 120
11 Finishing 120 10 Painting & Etc. 80
Total = 668 Total = 352
Result and Conclusion
• In this paper, we have compared conventional and aluminium formwork based on a construction
cost and time duration of a hypothetical building.
• No. of Floors : G + 26
• Single floor area : 873.44 sq.m
Using Conventional Method : Using Aluminum Method :
Cost of the G+26 floor building : Rs. 97,57,33,318
Cost of the G+26 floor building : Rs.97,44,48,072
Total duration required for completion : 668 Total duration required for completion : 312

Here, the overall cost of aluminium work is more as compared to conventional but on the other hand,
due to half the time duration, the labour cost of reduced to upto half of conventional.
PAPER 8
Comparison of materials used and its cost
CONT CONVENTIO-NAL
ENTS BUILDING Aluminium COST SAVINGS
S. Content Aluminium Conventional
-
No 1400/sq. 105/sq.
Concret ing m
1505/sq.m m
1 Concrete M15, M20, M15, M20, M25
grade M25 -
1480/sq. 633/sq.
m
2 Thicknes 140mm, 160mm, 200mm, Reinfor cement m 2115/sq.m
s of wall 160mm 230mm
3 Steel 8mm, 12mm, 8mm, 12mm, 16mm, Shutteri ng
(Woode Rs.
16mm 25mm, 32mm n) 80/Sq.m
-
Rs.
4 Slab 130 mm 150mm, 175mm Rs.
143.33
86.67/Sq.
/Sq.m
m
5 No. of P+7 P+7 Rs.
(Mild Steel)
floors 150/Sq.m

6 Floor 771.92 sq.m 771.92 sq.m Rs. 525/sq.

Rs. m
area Brickwork 525/sq.m
0

Rs. Rs.
1487/Sq. 1487/S q.m
Plaster m 0

Material used Cost of material per unit (in m)

Comparison of construction time
Sr. no Activity No. of Sr. no ACTIVITY No. of days o
days f
1 All Shuttering 18
2 Conceal electrification & plumbing 18 1 Column shuttering 12

3 Steel Reinforcement 6 2 Column steel-reinforcement 12

4 Alignment checking 3
5 Buffer time 2
6 Concrete placing 3
7 Removal of Vertical formwork 2 3 Buffer 2

8 Removal of Other formwork 14 4 Beam & slab shuttering 15

9 Lifting of wall panels 2 5 Beam & slab steel 12

10 Gypsum plastering & 30 placing
painting etc
TOTAL 98

Duration using aluminium Duration using conventional

Result
Using Aluminium : Using Conventional :
Cost of foundation : Rs. 5000000 Cost of foundation : Rs. 5000000
Cost of P+7 floors of building : Rs. 42250000 Cost of P+7 floors of building : Rs. 48250000
Single floor area : 771.92 sq.m Single floor area : 771.92 sq.m
Total cost of building : Rs.4275000 Total cost of building : Rs.4875000
Duration of consruction: 98 Duration of construction : 167

Conclusion :
This paper determines that construction facilities built by by using the aluminium formwork technology is
quite cheaper than the Conventional Method and total cost saving is nearly about 12.5 percent. This
technology also enables us in saving considerable amount of time in construction of high rise building as the
duration of construction of aluminium formwork is almost half the duration of conventional that is 69 days.

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sanket-Sanghai/publication/
328305112_Time_and_Cost_Optimization_of_Construction_Project_Using_Mivan_Technology/links/
5bc576d5458515f7d9bf27b6/Time-and-Cost-Optimization-of-Construction-Project-Using-Mivan-Technology.pdf
PAPER 9
• This project compares the costs of conventional building vs construction using
aluminium formwork.
• This comparison is based on information gathered from the 138-acre integrated
development "Blue Ridge" by Paranjpe Schemes in Hinjewadi, Pune.
Cost comparison between construction by conventional and mivan
technology and aluminium formwork

S.No Parameter Convenional Aluminium Cost Saving

1 Shuttering after Wooden materials = 83.8/sq.m 104.63/sq.m
repetitions Rs. 88.50/sq.m
MS.material = Rs.
100/sq.m

2 Concreting Rs. 1400sq.m 1505/sq.m -105/sq.m

3 Reinforcement 1,480 2115.20/sq.m -635.2/sq.m
4 Brickwork 484 480/sq.m
5 Plaster 700 700/sq.m
Total cost saving Rs. 548.43/sq.m