Geography

ATLAS

Diagram

Conceptual clarity
 Study material
ATLAS Book list

Orient Longman  Goh Cheng Leong

Study publication –  Physical Geography – by
India and world Savinder singh
Oxford publication  India: comprehensive
geography by D.R.
Khullar

All PowerPoint Slides available

at Mrunal.org/Download
Physical Indian World

Geomorpholog Physica
Asia
y l
Human/
Climatology Europe
Economi
c
Oceanography Americas

Schemes of the Geography Africa

 Meaning and span of Geography
Geo= earth and Graphy = study, which means
study of earth

Geography can be divided into two parts:

Physical geography and Human geography
 Two Parts of Geography

Physical Human
• Landforms • Habitation
• Atmosphere • Population
• Hydrosphere • Agriculture
• Biosphere • Industries- resources
 Fundamentals of Geography

1. Latitudes
2. Longitudes
3. Seasons on Earth
4. Time-zones
latitudes
• Latitudes =angular
distance of a place
from the equator
• All latitudes are
concentric circles
• They are called
parallels as well
Latitudes
• Largest latitude –
equator
• Tropics – heat surplus
• Temperate, polar
regions – heat deficit
• Responsible for
pressure system and
planetary wind system
Spherical Earth
1.Tropical Zones
2.Temperate Zones
 UPSC Prelims 2001
Q. Who among the following was first to state that
Earth was spherical?
A. Aristotle Correct Answer is A

B. Copernicus
C. Ptolemy
D. Strabo
1. Skip 2. Attempt 3. Mark n
Reason for seasons: Tilted Earth
Summer and Winter Solstice
 Question
Q. Variations in length of daytime and
night-time from season to season are
due to UPSC
a) Earth’s rotation on its axis
b) Earth’s revolution around the sun in Prelims
an elliptical manner
2013
c) Latitudinal position of the place
d) Revolution of earth on a tilted axis
 Question
Variations in length of daytime and
night-time from season to season are
due to UPSC
a) Earth’s rotation on its axis
b) Earth’s revolution around the sun in Prelims
an elliptical manner
2013
c) Latitudinal position of the place
d) Revolution of earth on a tilted axis
Daylight Saving in Temperate regions
Longitudes
• Angular distance of a
place from prime
meridian
• Also called meridians
• 0 degree = Greenwich in
UK
• 180 degree =
International date line
• Latitudes • Longitudes
International Date Line
• Earth rotates 360
°s in 24 hours
• 360/24 = 15°
• 15° longitude
• = 1 hour
31 Dec
st 30th Dec
Morning Morning
Russia Alaska
 International Date Line

Moving Moving
West East
1 DAY 1 DAY
Lost Gain
 Standard time
1) Every country selects its standard meridian.
2) Angular distance between standard meridian of
a nation to Greenwich meridian time (GMT)
Indian Standard Time
• IST – 82.5 E Meridian
• IST - 5.5 hours ahead of
GMT, so GMT+5.5
Map
 IST
British launched Chaibagaan time (1
hr ahead of IST) 150 years ago in
Chaibagaan
Assam
time zone
After independence – rejected
2007 DST study – rejected – admin
challenges
Jan 2014 CM of Assam – declare to
apply Chaibagaan time
Russian Time Zones
Challenges to multiple time zones
 Question
If 12 noon at GMT what is the time at
75 °E?
Time
• Difference = 75 ° zones
• 15 ° => 1 hour
• 75 ° => 5 hours
• East (means add) 12 +5 = 5 pm
 Question
If 12 noon at GMT what is the time at
30 °W?
Time
• Difference = 30 ° zones
• 15 ° => 1 hour
• 30 ° => 2 hours
• East (means minus) 12 - 2 = 10 am
 Exercise
Q. If it is 10.00 am IST, then what
would be the local time at Shillong on
92 deg E Longitude? UPSC
a) 9.38 am
Prelims
b) 10.38 am
1999
c) 10.22 am
d) 9.22 am

Ans. B)
 Exercise
Q. Through which one of the following
groups of countries does equator pass?
a) Brazil, Zambia and Malaysia UPSC
b) Columbia, Kenya and Indonesia Prelims
c) Brazil, Sudan and Malaysia 2006
d) Venezuela, Ethiopia and Indonesia
 Exercise
Q. Which of the following cities is
nearest to the equator ?
a) Colombo UPSC
b) Jakarta Prelims
c) Manila 2008
d) Singapore
 Exercise
Q. Which one of the following straits is
nearest to the International Date Line?
a) Malacca Strait UPSC
b) Bering strait Prelims
c) Strait of Florida 2008
d) Strait of Gibraltar
Malacca strait
Strait of Florida
Strait of Gibraltar
 Exercise
Q. Consider the following countries:
1. Australia
UPSC
2. Namibia
3. Brazil Prelims
4. Chile 2009
Through which of the above does the
Tropic of Capricorn pass?
 Exercise
a) 1 only
b) 2,3 and 4
UPSC
c) 1,2 and 3
d) 1,2,3,4 Prelims
2009
1. Longitude
2. Latitude
3. Reason for Seasons on
Earth
4. Time zones
 Self Study
NCERT Class6: Chapter 2-
Longitudes, Latitudes and time-
zones NCERT
Map: Greenwich line passes
through which famous cities and
countries of the world?
Map: IST line passes through
which famous cities and states of
India?
Geomorphology
 Geomorpholog
Origin of the Earth
y
Nebula Theory
Theory of Laplace Overview
Origin of earth – Nebular theory of Laplace
 Modern Theories
Origin of Universe
 Modern Theories
The Star Formation
 Modern Theories
Formation of Planets
 Modern Theories
Solar System
 Modern Theories
The Moon
Nebular Theory of Laplace
• Heavier elements
near the core and
lighter at the
surface
• Layered structure
of earth’s interior
 Geomorpholog
1. Density study: y
2. Temperature study Interior of the
3. Structural study Earth
- Direct evidences
- Indirect evidences
Edward Suess
• Outer layer (continents)–
SIAL
• Mantle and oceanic crust
– SIMA
• Core – Ni +Fe
 Seismic wave studies
Seismic waves = mechanical waves = require
medium for propagation
Their behaviour changes with changes of
medium
2 imp waves: primary P and secondary S waves
S waves can travel into only S and G medium
P can travel in all 3 mediums
But speed is highest in S>L>G
S-wave Propagation
P-waves propagation
Observations
• Asthenosphere –semi-
molten
• Beyond Asthenosphere-
mantle rocks are dense
• Outer core –liquid
• The inner core is solid
 Self Study
Class11 Chapter3: Interior of
Earth
NCERT
 Composition of the interior of the earth
Earth as a whole Earth’s crust
Iron (Fe) - highest  Oxygen (O2) - highest
Oxygen (O2)  Silicon (Si)
Silicon (Si)  Aluminum (Al)
Magnesium (Mg)  Iron (Fe)
Sulphur (S)  Calcium (Ca)
Nickel (Ni)  Magnesium (Mg)
Calcium (Ca)  Sodium (Na)
Aluminum (Al) - lowest  Potassium (K) - lowest
 Geomorpho
Igneous rocks
Metamorphous rocks Rocks in the
Sedimentary rocks crust
Rock cycle
 Rock Types
formed due to solidification of magma
(I) or lava (E)
Igneous
They don’t have strata or layers Rocks
Because entire lava is solidified
They are crystalline
They don’t have fossils
 Rock Types
formed due to lithification of soil
erosion of rocks => deposition of Sedimentary
granules => compaction => rocks
lithification
Always stratified
They may have fossils
 Metamorphosed rocks
both igneous and sedimentary rocks changed
under heat or pressure or both
No fossil
No stratification
 Examples of metamorphosed rocks
Granite gneiss
Limestone Marble
Sandstone quartzite
Clay/mudstone slate/ schist
 Question
Consider the following statements made
about sedimentary rocks:
1. Sedimentary rocks are formed at UPSC
earth’s surface by hydrological
Prelims
system
2001
2. Formation of sedimentary rocks
involves the weathering of pre-
existing rocks
3. Sedimentary rocks contains fossils
4. Sedimentary rocks occur in layers
 Question
Q. Quartzite is metamorphosed from:
a) Limestone
UPSC
b) Obsidian
c) Sandstone Prelims
d) shale 2001
Interior of the earth
Different layers – structure and
composition
Rocks
Properties of rocks
 Geological time scale of Earth
years Eon Era Importance

4.6 -3.5 Pre- Proterozoic No Life

billion Cambrian
3.5 -2.5 Archean 1st life form
billion
2.5 to 545 Hadean 1st fish
million eveloved
 Geological time scale of the Earth
Years Eon Era Period Epoch Importance

545 ml – Phanerozoic Paleozoic Carbonifero Coal

245 ml us
245 ml-65 Mesozoic Triassic, Reptiles =>
ml Jurassic, Dinosaurs
Cretaceous => extinct

65 ml – Cenozoic tertiary Oiligocene, Birds and

present Pliocene mammals

65000 years quaternary Holocene Human

Rodinia in Pre-Cambrian
Rodinia break up - Palaeozoic
Mesozoic merger - Pangaea
200 ml years ago – break up of Pangaea
165 ml – break up of Gondwana
Movement of India
 3 Theories

Continental Sea-floor Plate tectonic

drift spreading theory
Alfred Wegener
• 1st to propound
movement of continents
• His Continental Drift
Theory
• His 4 main observations
1st Observation
Matching
Coastlines
zig-saw fit
2nd Observation
Similarity of Age
of the rocks
3th Observation
Fossil evidences
4th observation
Palaeo-climatic
evidences
Glacial evidenced
in Tropical lands
 Continental Drift Theory
Super continent - Pangaea
Ocean – Panthalasa
Continent – SIAL rocks
Ocean – SIMA rocks
Mid- Mesozoic Pangaea broke up and drifted
apart
 Limitation of Continental Drift theory
Driving force?
Gravitational pull of sun and moon
Idea of SIAL and SIMA
Limitation of Continental Drift theory
 Question
What do you understand by theory of
continental drift? Discuss the prominent
evidences in its support. (5) UPSC

Mains
2013
 Question
Q. Which of the following phenomena
might have influenced the evolution of
organisms? UPSC
1. Continental drift
2. Glacial cycles Prelims
2014
Ans. Both
Arthur Holmes
• Arthur Holmes:
• Convection current
theory
• Convection cells – force
behind drifting of
continents
 3 Theories

Continental Sea-floor Plate tectonic

drift spreading theory
Sea-floor mapping
• During 1940s and
1950s
• Diversity of ocean-
floor
• Submarine hills –
guoyts – MOR –
Trench
Ocean floor mapping
Questions:
1) Ocean crust not
older than mid-
Mesozoic
2) Age increase away
from MOR
3) Sea-mounts
deformed at trenches
 Sea floor spreading Theory
1960s Harry Hass and Dietz answered question
regarding ocean mapping using convection
theory
 revealed mystery of mid-oceanic ridge and
trenches
Mid- Oceanic Ridge
Mid –Oceanic ridge
 MOR
Rising limb of current breaks the Ocean crust
 Basaltic eruption
Accumulation of lava – ridge => MOR
New Oceanic crust
Divergent limb – expansion of ocean crust
Trenches
 MOR - Trench
• At trench Ocean floor
destroyed – melted in
mantle
• Oceanic crust heavier
than continental crust
• Ocean floor act like
conveyor belt
• Ocean floor – cyclic
process – 300 ml yrs
Mariana trench
 Question
Q. In which one of the following oceans
the Diamantina Trench is located?
a) Pacific Ocean UPSC
b) Atlantic Ocean Prelims
c) Indian Ocean 2006
d) Arctic Ocean

Ans. C)
Diamantine trench
Palaeo-magentism
• Magnetism of rocks
along MOR
• Magnetometer -Magnetic
parallel stripes– normal
and reverse magnetic
profile
• 1st Carlsberg ridge –
Indian ocean
Palaeo-magentism
• Vine and mattheus
• Molten lava get polarity
geomagnetic field of that
period -Solidify
• Ocean floor – magnetic
tape
 Palaeo-magnetism
conclusion
1) Periodic reversal of magnetic field of the earth
2) Rate of sea-floor spreading decided by age +
distance between two equal magnetic stripes
Atlantic – 1.0 cm/ year
Indian – 1.5 cm/year
Pacific – 6.0 cm/year
 Question
Q. Between India and East Asia, the
navigation time and distance can be
greatly reduced by which of the UPSC
following?
Prelims
a) Deepening Malacca strait between 2011
Indonesia and Malaysia
b) Opening a new canal across Kra
Isthmus between gulf of Siam and
Andaman sea
 3 Theories

Continental Sea-floor Plate tectonic

drift spreading theory