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4주차 2 - chapter 2
4주차 2 - chapter 2
or
Figure 2.1. Partitioning of the set of all cars in Berkeley into subsets
by: (a) US cars or non-US cars, and (b) number of cylinders.
– where the integral sign does not denote integration; it denotes the collection of all
points with the associated membership function . When is discrete, is commonly
written as
IF is discrete :
– where the summation sign does not represent arithmetic addition; it denotes the
collection of all points x E U with the associated membership function .
– where . This is a Gaussian function with mean equal to zero and standard
– derivation equal to one. According to this membership function, the numbers 0
and 2 belong to the fuzzy set to the degrees of and , respectively.
– According to this membership function, the numbers 0 and 2 belong to the fuzzy
set Z to the degrees of 1 and 0, respectively. (2.10) and (2.11) are plotted graphi-
cally in Figs. 2.3 and 2.4, respectively. We can choose many other membership
functions to characterize "numbers close to zero."
Remark1.
– The properties that a fuzzy set is used to characterize are usually fuzzy,
for example, "numbers close to zero" is not a precise description.
– Therefore, we may use different membership functions to characterize the same
description.
Remark 2.
– How to determine the membership functions?
– The first approach is to use the knowledge of human experts. The membership fun
tions represent a part of human knowledge. fine-tuning is required.
– In the second approach, we use data collected from various sensors . we first spec
ify the structures of the membership functions and then fine-tune the parameters of
the membership functions based on the data.
Remark 3.
– A fuzzy set has a one-to-one correspondence with its membership function.
– when we say a fuzzy set, there must be a unique membership function asso-
ciated with it
– Fuzzy sets and their membership functions are equivalent in this sense.
.8
.5 “tall” in the Norway
“tall” in NBA
.1
178 cm Heights
• Formal definition:
A fuzzy set A in X is expressed as a set of ordered
pairs:
A {( x, A ( x ))| x X }
Membership X: Universe or
Fuzzy set
function (MF) universe of discourse
1
B( x ) 2
1 x 5 0
10
X is continuous
A X A (x)/
x
Note that and integral signs stand for the union of
membership grades; “/” stands for a marker and
does not imply division.
A is discrete
C is discrete
B is continuous
0.0
• Subjective evaluation:
The shape of the functions is defined by specialists
• Ad-hoc: choose a simple function that is suitable to solve the
problem
• Distributions, probabilities: information extracted from
measurements
• Adaptation: testing
• Automatic: algorithms used to define functions from data
1.0
Complete
0.0
-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 - 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
10 70
1.0
Incomplete
0.0
-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
0,5 0,5
0,0 0,0
MF
.5
0
Core
Crossover points
- cut
Support
– If the support of a fuzzy set is empty, it is called an empty fuzzy set. fuzzy single-
ton is a fuzzy set whose support is a single point in .
– For example, for a = 0.3, the a-cut of the fuzzy set (2.11) (Fig. 2.4) is the crisp set
[-0.7,0.7], and for a = 0.9, it is [-0.1,0.1].
MF
• Normality: 1
• Fuzzy set A is normal
.5
if core is non-empty.
its
a
0
• In other words: Core
Crossover points
• We can always find a
a - cut
point x in X for which: Support
• Fuzzy Singleton: .5
• A fuzzy set whose
0
support is a single point Core
in X is a fuzzy singleton Crossover points
- cut
if:
Support
• Example:
• A fuzzy singleton
• “45 years old”
Chap. 2 Fuzzy sets and basic operations on fuzzy sets 36
Operations on fuzzy sets
• Definition. 2.3
– The equality, containment, complement, union, and intersection of two fuzzy sets
and are defined as follows.
iff for all
iff for all
• Complement:
AX A A ( x ) 1 A
(x)
• Union:
C A B c ( x ) max( A ( x ), B ( x )) A ( x )
B ( x )
• Intersection:
C A B c ( x ) min( A ( x ), B ( x )) A ( x )
B ( x )
– An intuitively appealing way of defining the union is the following: the union of
and is the smallest fuzzy set containing both and .
– More precisely, if is any fuzzy set that contains both and , then it also contains
the union of and . To show that this intuitively appealing definition is equivalent
to (2.20), we note, first, that as defined max contains both and because and .
Furthermore, if is any fuzzy set containing both and , then and .
– Therefore, , which means that as defined by (2.20) is the smallest fuzzy set con-
taining both and . The intersection as defined by (2.21) can be justified in the
same manner.
and
,
0
xa ,c x
Triangular MF: trimf ( x; a , b , c ) max
b a c b ,0
min
trapmf ( x; a , b , c , d ) max x a ,1 d x ,0
Trapezoidal b a , d c
MF: min
2
1 x c
2 a
Gaussian MF: gaussmf (x;a,c)
e
1
gbellmf ( x ; a, b , c )
Generalized bell xc
2b
1
MF: a
1
• Sigmoidal MF: sigmf ( x ; a , c )
1 e a(xc)
Extensions:
Absolute difference
of two sig. MFs