Plant diseases and Plant Pathogens

(Classification, biology, identification)

Departemen Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan

Fak. Pertanian UGM
2020
This material is created for students in Subjects
“Perlindungan Tanaman” TA 2020/2021
 Reading Materials

• Agrios, G.N. 2005. Plant Pathology

• Haryono Semangun. 2006. Pengantar Ilmu Penyakit Tumbuhan. Gama Press.

• www.apsnet.org

• Plant Disease Diagnose:

https://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/disimpactmngmnt/casestudies/Pages/PlantDiseaseDiagnosis.aspx

• https://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/jpti

• Jurnal Fitopatologi Indonesia: http://jurnal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/jfiti/index

• Pictures: Buku Petunjuk Praktikum DIPT (HPT, Faperta, UGM), untuk kalangan sendiri, tidak
dipublikasikan.
 Topics
• Introduction: Plant Disease and Components
which influence
• Plant Disease Symptoms
• Pathogens Classification
• Pathogen Identification
 Schematic of Plant Disease

• A plant disease is any

disturbance that
prevents a plant’s
normal development
and reduces its
economic or aesthetic
value.
Agrios, 2005
Introduction:
How you could Explain this figure?
• Find the keyword
causing plant disease
happens?

INTERACTION between COMPONENTS

Each component is important

Agrios, 2005
 How do you define Plant Disease?
• Disturbance from normal development
• Reduces its economic or aesthetic value.
• Causal agents :
– biotic (living)
– and abiotic agents (non-living: cek:
https://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/disandpath/abiotic/intro/Pages/A
biotic.aspx
)
• Disease is a process or a change that occurs over time. It does
not occur instantly like injury. Note: In this lecture, we focus
more in biotic plant disease
• Disease as a natural occurence.
 *Environmental Factors
* Disease Cycle

Infection process
started

Pathogen
landing
Symptom is a
result of some
previous steps
• Environment could influence both toward
pathogens or hosts
– What is Predisposition Factor? No overwintering
stage in tropical
country
• As Environment is one important
component, so plant disease could be
specific due to specific environment (see
disease cycle) Agrios, 2005
 How pathogens enter plants

Most viruses needs vector to enter the plant tissue,

for example to reach xylem

Agrios, 2005
 Plant Disease Symptoms

• Could you explain the symptoms?

• Visible effects of disease on
plants:
– detectable changes in color, shape,
and/or functions of the plant in
response to a pathogen or disease-
causing agent is a symptom.
aniwidi
– Could be infected throughout a
plants (ex: wilt), or localized (ex:
lesion)
– Different pathogens could cause aniwidi
a
similar symptoms
– Some symptoms could be masked aniwidi
a
 Plant Disease Sign
• Sign:
– Physical shape/evidence
of the pathogen: fungal
spore, fruiting bodies,
bacterial ooze, pustules,
sclerotium, rhizomorf

Bacterial ooze www.apsnet.org

Sclerotia
 Type of Plant Symptoms
• Necrosis : death of plant tissues or plant cells: blight, wilt, scorch,
spots, damping off (pre- or post-emergence), soft rot, dry rot, die back,
etc

• Hypoplasia: decreased/stopped production of the number of cells:

atrophy, rosset

• Hyperplasia: Overdevelopment/Enlargement of plant cells and tissues:

Hipertrofi (enlargement of individual plant cell) and Hiperplasia
(excessive number of plant cells)
 Necrosis

Blight Leaf Spots

Wilt

www.apsnet.org
Fusarium wilt of watermelon
 Necrosis

Target spot Soft Rot

Dry rot

aniwidi
a
Necrosis

Foto: Suryanti

Sun Scorch
Hypoplasia

Perubahan simetri
Hypoplasia
Hyperplasia
 Hyperplasia

aniwidi
sesidia a
 Disease Signs

Fungal Fruit body Gum

Source: Prakt. DIPT

 Plant Pathogens

• Biotic:
– Fungi, Bacteria, virus,
nematode, parasitic
plants, algae,
mycoplasma, spiroplasma,
ricketsia, viroid, protozoa
• Abiotic:
– heat, chemicals, pollutant,
etc
Agrios, 2005
Plant pathogen morphology

• Infectious part of
pathogens :
inoculum

Agrios, 2005
– Eukaryotic
– unicellular or multicellular
What is Fungi
– Vegetative body:
• filamentous (tube-like strands
called hypha with cotton like
shape) : coenocitic
(Phycomycetes ) and cellular
(Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes,
Deuteromycetes)
• mycelium = aggregate of hyphae A: Cellular; B: Coenocitic
– Cell wall: chitin
– Live saprophytic or parasitic, or
both (facultative)
– Reproduction:
• asexually (vegetative): asexual
spores, shoots, hypha
fragmentation, chlamidospores
• sexually (generative): fusion of Asexual spores of.
two hyphae, to form a zygote, Peronoschlerospora
sexual spores maydis
 What is Bacteria
• Unicellular
• Size: 1-2 m
• Prokaryotic
• Biner division
• Shape: Coccus, Bacillus,
Diptheroid
• Mobile with flagel
• Live as colony
 Plant Disease caused by Bacteria: Example

• Erwinia stewartii (Pantoea stewartii)

• Jerald K. Pataky, 2004 @apsnet.org
 Plant Disease caused by Bacteria: Example

Bacteria could
survive in
seed

Walcott, R.R. 2005. Bacterial fruit

blotch of cucurbits. The Plant Health
Instructor. DOI: 10.1094/PHI-I-2005-
1025-02
https://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/disandpath/prokaryote/pdlessons/Pages/BacterialBlotch.aspx
 What are Viruses

• Threshold of life: nucleic

acid (DNA or RNA; ss or ds)
and protein mantel (capsid)
• Infectious nucleo-protein
• 20 – 400 nm
• Particles shape in general:
Isometric (polyhedral) and
helix

Agrios, 2005
 Virus based on their particle shape

• Isometric, Polihedral (round): RSV (Rugged Stunt

Virus), CMV (Cucumber Mosaic Virus); TYMV (Turnip
Yellow Mosaic Virus).
• Anisometric, helix :
– Flexible: PVX (Potato Virus X), CMV (Clover Mosaic Virus)
and CTV (Citrus Tristeza Virus).
– Stiff: TMV (Tobacco Mosaic Virus), AMV (Alfafa Mosaic
Virus) and LNYV (Leture Necrotic Yellow Virus).
Agrios, 2005
 CMV infection on
cucurbit and non-
cucurbit
Zitter, T. A., and J. F. Murphy.
2009. Cucumber mosaic. The
Plant Health Instructor. DOI:
10.1094/PHI-I-2009-0518-01

https://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/disandpath/viral/pdlessons/Pages/Cucumbermosaic.aspx
Agrios, 2005
But how to identify the pathogen?
 What is pathogen identification?
Why is it important?
To identify is:
• Process to recognize precisely or
particularly associate with
someone or thing.
Important due to:
• To recognize microbes, we need
special equipment - ???
It is a part of plant disease diagnose
and to find precise control of the
disease
 Plant Disease Diagnosis
Proper Identification:
Overview this article:
 Know what is normal
and general plant
disease symptom
 Check literature
 Identify symptom
variability, disease
sign and part
affected
 Observe Pattern
www.aps.org
 Review cultural
practices
 Laboratory test
Laboratory Test for Pathogen Identification

 Microscopically : fungal genus

 Isolation for culturable pathogens – Koch Postulate
 Diagnostic Test:
 Serological tests, e.g. ELISA (enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay) : for example it is used based on
the binding of an antibody produced to a specific virus
with the virus in the infected plant material www.sciencelearn.org.nz
 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on DNA
amplification and sequencing by reading the DNA
sequence
 LAMP (Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification of
DNA)

Riley, M.B., M.R. Williamson, and O. Maloy. 2002. Plant

disease diagnosis. The Plant Health Instructor. DOI:
10.1094/PHI-I-2002-1021-01 Notomi et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 2000
Wrap up

• What do you understand about plant

disease and pathogens?
• What you should know to identify plant
pathogens?
• Which method will you choose?
THANK YOU