LANDSCAPE

&
HUMANS
 Landscape’ is a concept which includes the physical
environment and people’s perception and appreciation of
that environment.

It is not restricted to the purely visual, but may comprise and encompass
the ways in which individuals and communities perceive the natural and
physical resources, as through traditions, lore, and legends that express
the significant and memorable elements of a landscape.
 Views from West - Mastery over Nature: Nature can be dominated and
Attitude controlled, made to serve humans

and Views from East - Harmony with Nature: coexistence with nature, not
to radically change nature but to live alongside it: primarily in Japan

Views Views from India and parts of Africa - Reverence or Respect for
Nature: Nature is seen as endowed with power to provide and protect
towards life but also destroy

Nature Views from Native Americans groups and Abkhazians - Guardians

or caretakers of Nature: Role of Humans is to protect it from
destruction
 Three
• Biophysical elements, patterns and processes;
broad
• Sensory or perceptual qualities (such as the view of
a scenic landscape or the distinctive smell and sound categories
of the coast); and
of
• Associative meanings and values including spiritual,
cultural or social associations (such as waahi tapu, landscape
heritage sites, and popular walking or fishing spots)
attributes
Importance
of
Landscapes
LANDSCAPE
&
CULTURE
 Understanding
the term Culture
MATERIAL
CULTURE
 MATERIAL
CULTURE

Identity Cultural
Representation Expression

Historical
Documentation
NON- MATERIAL
CULTURE
 NON-MATERIAL
CULTURE

Behaviour
Social Cohesion
Regulation

Cultural
Continuity
FOLK - CULTURE
POPULAR CULTURE
GLOBAL CULTURE
 CULTURAL
LANDSCAPE
 associated in the minds of the communities with powerful beliefs
and artistic and traditional customs, embody an exceptional
spiritual relationship of people with nature

sustain biological
diversity, CULTURAL part of collective
interactions between
humans and their LANDSCAPES identity of a region
environment

embodies the associations and uses that evoke a

sense of history for a specific place
National Park Service (NPS) – ‘a geographic area, including both
cultural and natural resources and the wildlife or domestic animals
therein, associated with a historic event, activity, or person, or exhibiting
other cultural or aesthetic values.’

UNESCO – ‘Combined works of nature and of man" that illustrate the

evolution of human society and settlement over time, under the influence
Defining
of physical constraints and/or opportunities presented by their natural
environment, and of successive social, economic, and cultural forces,
Cultural
both external and internal.’ Landscapes
The Landscape Cultural Foundation – ‘Cultural landscapes provide a
sense of place and identity; they map our relationship with the land over
time; and they are part of our national heritage and each of our lives.’
 Cultural Landscapes
Characteristics
of
Cultural
Landscapes Tangible Intangible
Types of Cultural Landscapes

Historic Designed Landscape - a landscape

consciously designed or laid out by a landscape
architect, master gardener, architect, or horticulturist
according to design principles.

Piazza del Campo, Siena, Italy

Types of Cultural Landscapes

Historic Vernacular Landscape - a landscape

that evolved through use by the people whose
activities or occupancy shaped it. The landscape
reflects the physical, biological, and cultural character
of those everyday lives.

Barboursville Vineyards, US
Types of Cultural Landscapes

Historic Site - a landscape significant for its

association with a historic event, activity, or person.

Machu Picchu, Peru

Types of Cultural Landscapes

Ethnographic Landscape - a landscape

containing a variety of natural and cultural resources
that associated people define as heritage resources.

Apostle Islands National

Lakeshore, Northwest Wisconsin
 The Current scenario of Cultural
Landscape due to increase rate of Urban
Development
 Cultural
Landscape and
their
Preservation -
Global Policies
and Initiatives
 Cultural
Landscape and
their
Preservation -
Global Policies
and Initiatives
 Criteria for
Selection of
Heritage Sites
Need for Conservation of Cultural
Landscapes ????
Tongariro National Park, NZ
Tongariro National Park, NZ

Tongariro National Park is the oldest national park in New Zealand,

located in the central North Island.
There are a number of Māori religious sites within the park,and
many of the park's summits, including Ngauruhoe and Ruapehu,
are tapu, or sacred.
The park includes many towns around its boundary including
Ohakune, Waiouru, Horopito, Pokaka, Erua, National Park Village,
Whakapapa skifield and Tūrangi.
The Tongariro National Park is most famous for the Tongariro Alpine
Crossing and the large ski fields of Whakapapa and Tūroa located at
Mount Ruapehu. There are a plethora of other activities in and around
the park available all year round.
Tongariro is New Zealand's oldest national park and a dual World
Heritage area. This status recognises the park's important Māori
cultural and spiritual associations as well as its outstanding volcanic
features.
Tongariro National Park, NZ
 Sunrise on Tongariro National Park

Panorama of Mount Ruapehu and Mount Ngauruhoe looking west from the Desert Road
Dutch Water Defence Lines
 Dutch Water Defence Lines

The Dutch Water Defence Lines represents a defence system

extending over 200 km along the edge of the administrative and
economic heartland of Holland.
It is comprised of the New Dutch Waterline and the Defence
Line of Amsterdam. Built between 1815 and 1940, the system
consists of a network of forts, dikes, sluices, pumping stations,
canals and inundation polders, working in concert to protect the
Netherlands by applying the principle of temporary flooding of
the land.
It has been developed thanks to the special knowledge of
hydraulic engineering for defence purposes held and applied by
the people of the Netherlands since the 16th century.
Each of the polders along the line of fortifications has its own
inundation facilities.
 Dutch Water Defence Lines

Map of the Old Waterline Map of the New Waterline

Dutch Water Defence Lines
Thingvellir National Park, Iceland
 Thingvellir National Park, Iceland

Thingvellir is the National Park where the Althing, an

open-air assembly representing the whole of Iceland, was
established in 930 and continued to meet until 1798.

The Althing has deep historical and symbolic associations

for the people of Iceland. The property includes the
Thingvellir National Park and the remains of the Althing
itself: fragments of around 50 booths built from turf and
stone.

Remains from the 10th century are thought to be buried

underground. The site also includes remains of
agricultural use from the 18th and 19th centuries.

The park shows evidence of the way the landscape was

husbanded over 1,000 years.

Thingvellir, 50 km (31 miles) to the east of Reykjavík, is

the national shrine of Iceland. Iceland's most historic site,
and one of its most beautiful places, is also part of The
Golden Circle tour. The oldest existing parliament in the
world first met here in AD930. Over two weeks a year,
the assembly set laws - seen as a covenant between free
men - and settled disputes.
Thingvellir National Park, Iceland
Located on the
Golden Circle route,
Thingvellir (Þingvellir)
National Park is one of the
most frequently visited
attractions in Iceland. This area
contains interesting landscapes
and has an outstanding
significance both historically
and geologically.

Riddled with high cliffs and

deep gorges, the stunning
National Park is known for its
unparalleled beauty.

The wildlife here consists of

many arctic foxes and minks
along with a large bird
population.

The exquisite valley has been

declared a World Heritage Site
by UNESCO in 2004 owing to
its cultural and patriotic value.
 Thingvellir National Park, Iceland

Thingvellir is situated on the northern shore of

Þingvallavatn, the biggest lake of Iceland.

The river Öxará traverses the national park and is

forming a waterfall at the Almannagjá, called
Öxaráfoss Together with the waterfall Gullfoss and the
Geysir of Haukadalur, Þingvellir is part of the most
famous sights of Iceland, the Golden Circle.

Thingvallavatn is the largest lake in Iceland, 83 sq km

(32 sq miles) and over 100m (328ft) deep.In this lake,
with the large quantity of sulfur and salt, the lake is
extremely light and the water seems to be in less
weight than other lakes.

As a national park (since 1928) because of the special

tectonic and volcanic environment. The continental
drift can be clearly seen in the cracks or faults which
are traversing the region, the biggest one, Almannagjá,
being a veritable canyon. This causes also the often
measurable earthquakes in the area.
Cultural Landscape of Bali Province - The Subak System :
Rice Terraces and their Water Temples
Cultural Landscape of Bali Province - The
Subak System : Rice Terraces and their
Water Temples

The cultural landscape of Bali consists of five rice terraces

and their water temples that cover 19,500 ha. The temples
are the focus of a cooperative water management system of
canals and weirs, commonly known as subak, which dates
back to as early as the 9th century.

The areas included within these landscapes are:

1. Supreme Water Temple of Pura Ulun Danu Batur

2. Lake Batur
3. Subak Landscape of the Pakersian Watershed
4. Subak Landscape of the Catur Angga Watershed
5. The Royal Water temple of Pura Taman Ayun
Cultural Landscape of Bali Province - The Subak
System : Rice Terraces and their Water Temples
This landscape embodies the Balinese
philosophical principle Tri Hita Karana (three
causes of goodness) that aims to create
harmony between humans and the spiritual
realm, between humans and nature, and among
humans.
The Subaks ensure the equitable distribution of
water to farms, maintain the irrigation system,
mobilize resources and mutual assistance,
resolve conflicts, and ensure the performance
of rituals.
The components of these Subak Landscapes
are:
• Forests that protect the water supply
• Terraced paddy landscape
• Rice fields connected by a system of
canals, tunnels and weirs, villages, and
temples of varying size and
importance
Cultural Landscape of Bali Province - The Subak System : Rice Terraces
and their Water Temples
Cultural Landscape of Bali Province - The Subak System : Rice Terraces
and their Water Temples

The subak generally controls the

construction and maintenance of the
channelling system and management of
the water flow in order to ensure the
fair distribution of this precious
resource.

Since farmers depend on the successful

irrigation of the fields, the different
subaks form a close bond that unites
into a single system that has been
handed down the generations for over a
thousand years
Cultural Landscape of Bali Province - The Subak System : Rice Terraces
and their Water Temples
Cultural Landscape of Bali Province - The Subak System : Rice Terraces
and their Water Temples
Cultural Landscape of Bali Province - The Subak System : Rice Terraces
and their Water Temples
Rice Terraces of Philippines
Rice Terraces of Philippines The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras is an
outstanding example of an evolved, living cultural landscape
that can be traced as far back as two millennia ago in the
pre-colonial Philippines.

The terraces are located in the remote areas of the Philippine

Cordillera mountain range on the northern island of Luzon,
Philippine archipelago.

While the historic terraces cover an extensive area, the

inscribed property consists of five clusters of the most intact
and impressive terraces, located in four municipalities.

They are all the product of the Ifugao ethnic group, a

minority community that has occupied these mountains for
thousands of years.

The Ifugao Rice Terraces epitomize the absolute blending of

the physical, socio-cultural, economic, religious, and
political environment. Indeed, it is a living cultural
landscape of unparalleled beauty.

The Ifugao Rice Terraces are the priceless contribution of

Philippine ancestors to humanity. Built 2000 years ago and
passed on from generation to generation, the Ifugao Rice
Terraces represent an enduring illustration of an ancient
civilization that surpassed various challenges and setbacks
posed by modernization.
Rice Terraces of Philippines

The five inscribed clusters are;

(i) the Nagacadan terrace cluster in the municipality
of Kiangan, a rice terrace cluster manifested in two
distinct ascending rows of terraces bisected by a river;
(ii) the Hungduan terrace cluster that uniquely
emerges into a spider web;
(iii) the central Mayoyao terrace cluster which is
characterized by terraces interspersed with traditional
farmers’ bale (houses) and alang (granaries);
(iv) the Bangaan terrace cluster in the municipality of
Banaue that backdrops a typical Ifugao traditional
village; and
(v) the Batad terrace cluster of the municipality of
Banaue that is nestled in amphitheatre-like semi-
circular terraces with a village at its base.
Rice Terraces of Philippines
Rice Terraces of Philippines
Great Barrier Reef, Australia
Great Barrier Reef, Australia
The Great Barrier Reef is a site of remarkable
variety and beauty on the north-east coast of
Australia.
It contains the world’s largest collection of
coral reefs, with 400 types of coral, 1,500
species of fish and 4,000 types of mollusc.
It also holds great scientific interest as the
habitat of species such as the dugong (‘sea
cow’) and the large green turtle, which are
threatened with extinction.
The Great Barrier Reef (hereafter referred to as
GBR) includes extensive cross-shelf diversity,
stretching from the low water mark along the
mainland coast up to 250 kilometres offshore.
This wide depth range includes vast shallow
inshore areas, mid-shelf and outer reefs, and
beyond the continental shelf to oceanic waters
over 2,000 metres deep.
Great Barrier Reef, Australia
Great Barrier Reef, Australia

Within the GBR there are some 2,500 individual reefs of

varying sizes and shapes, and over 900 islands, ranging
from small sandy cays and larger vegetated cays, to large
rugged continental islands rising, in one instance, over
1,100 metres above sea level.

Collectively these landscapes and seascapes provide

some of the most spectacular maritime scenery in the
world.

A number of natural pressures occur, including cyclones,

crown-of-thorns starfish outbreaks, and sudden large
influxes of freshwater from extreme weather events.

As well there is a range of human uses such as tourism,

shipping and coastal developments including ports.

The Great Barrier Reef is unique as it extends over 14

degrees of latitude, from shallow estuarine areas to
deep oceanic waters.

Within this vast expanse is a unique range of ecological

communities, habitats and species – all of which make
the Reef one of the most complex natural ecosystems in
the world.
Great Barrier Reef, Australia
Borobudur Temple Compounds, Indonesia
Borobudur Temple Compounds, Indonesia

This famous Buddhist temple, dating from the 8th

and 9th centuries, is located in central Java.

It was built in three tiers: a pyramidal base with

five concentric square terraces, the trunk of a cone
with three circular platforms and, at the top, a
monumental stupa.

The walls and balustrades are decorated with fine

low reliefs, covering a total surface area of 2,500
m2.

Around the circular platforms are 72 openwork

stupas, each containing a statue of the Buddha.

The monument was restored with UNESCO's help

in the 1970s.
Borobudur Temple Compounds, Indonesia

The Borobudur Temple Compounds

is one of the greatest Buddhist
monuments in the world, and was
built in the 8th and 9th centuries AD
during the reign of the Syailendra
Dynasty. The monument is located in
the Kedu Valley, in the southern part
of Central Java, at the centre of the
island of Java, Indonesia.

Half cross-section with

4:6:9 height ratio for
foot, body and head,
 Borobudur Temple Compounds, Indonesia

Borobudur ground plan taking the form of a Mandala

Borobudur Temple Compounds, Indonesia

The vertical division of Borobudur Temple into base,

body, and superstructure perfectly accords with the
conception of the Universe in Buddhist cosmology.

It is believed that the universe is divided into three

superimposing spheres, kamadhatu, rupadhatu, and
arupadhatu.

The Borobudur Temple Compounds consists of three

monuments: namely

the Borobudur Temple and two smaller temples

situated to the east on a straight axis to Borobudur.

The two temples are Mendut Temple, whose depiction

of Buddha is represented by a formidable monolith
accompanied by two Bodhisattvas, and Pawon Temple,
a smaller temple whose inner space does not reveal
which deity might have been the object of worship.

Those three monuments represent phases in the

attainment of Nirvana.
Zuojiang Huashan Rock Art, China
Zuojiang Huashan Rock Art, China

Located on the steep cliffs in the border regions of southwest China, there is
an extensive assembly of historical rock art that were painted on limestone
cliff faces comprising of total of 38 sites that the life and rituals of the Luoyue
people.

The paintings are basically red in colour and were executed by using a
mixture of red ochre (hematite), animal glue and blood.

In a surrounding landscape of karst, rivers and plateaux, these paintings

depict human figures as well as animals along with bronze drums, knives,
swords, bells, and ships
Zuojiang Huashan Rock Art, China
Zuojiang Huashan Rock Art, China

The rock paintings not only show

us the artistic achievements of
the ancient Luoyue people, but
also the richness of their social
life millennia ago, and their
diligence, courage and tenacity.

The spectacular views of the cliff

murals, the mystical cultural
background of ancient Luoyue
people, and the important
archaeological value with
unsolved puzzles attract a vast
community of visitors, experts
and scholars to experience the
magnificent view of Zuojiang
Huashan Rock Art Landscape.
Zuojiang Huashan Rock Art, China
Zuojiang Huashan Rock Art, China