Communication Systems

IK2506
Anders Västberg
vastberg@kth.se
08-790 44 55
 IK2506 Advanced
Communication Systems
• TEN1: 6 HEC.
• INL1: 1,5 HEC.
– 3 Problem Assignments
• Required reading:
– Carlson, B., et. al., Communication Systems,
McGrawHill, 2002.
• Course Webpage:
– http://www.kth.se/student/program-kurser/
kurshemsidor/kurser-ict/cos/IK2506/HT09-1?l=en_UK
 Teachers
• Anders Västberg (Examiner)
– vastberg@kth.se
– 08-790 44 55
• Svante Signell
– srs@kth.se
– 08-790 41 46
 Supplementary rules for
examination
• Rule 1: All group members are responsible for
group assignments
• Rule 2: Document any help received and all
sources used
• Rule 3: Do not copy the solutions of others
• Rule 4: Be prepared to present your solution
• Rule 5: Use the attendance list correctly
For more information, see KTH rules at:
http://www.kth.se/dokument/student/student_rights.pdf
 Mathematica and MATLAB
• Download the programs from:
– http://progdist.ug.kth.se/public/
• General introduction to Mathematica
– http://www.cos.ict.kth.se/~goeran/archives/
Mathematica/Notebooks/General/
 Carlson: Communication
Systems
Signal Random
Signals and
Transmission Signals and
Spectra
and Filtering Noise

Analog Noise in Analog

Analog
Communication Modulation
Modulation
Systems Systems

Information
Sampling and
Digital Theory
Pulse
Modulation and Channel
Modulation
Coding

[Stallings., 2005]
 COS Wireless Courses
IK2511 Wireless Research Project
Network Project

Radio Resource Management for

IK2510 Wireless
Wireless Networks
Networks
Data Transmission over Radio Channels,
Error Control Coding for Radio Channels
IK2508 Wireless
Transmission

Radio Propagation,
IK2507 Wireless
Link Design and Diversity,
Communication Systems
Spectrum Resource Management

IK2506 Advanced Signals, Systems and Spectra

Communication Systems Modulation, Stochastic Processes
 Course Aim
• Give the student the ability to analyze the
design parameters of a communication
system. That means that the student should
be able to:
– Explain the system structure of analogue and
digital communication systems
– Use mathematical tools to analyse the
performance of communication systems
– Use probability theory and stochastic processes
in communication system applications.
 Communication Systems
• Main functionality: Information Transfer
• Can not cover all types of communication
systems
• Can not cover the detailed implementation
– Look at system level
 Types of Communication
Systems
• Analog Communication Systems
– Analog message: “Physical quantity that
varies with time”
• Digital Communication Systems
– Digital message: “Ordered sequence of
symbols selected from a finite set of discrete
elements”
 Communication Systems
Message
signal
Source of
Transmitter
information

Transmitted signal

Channel

Received signal Estimate of

message
signal Information
Receiver
sink

[Ahlin et. al., 2006]

 Basic Structure
• Transmitter
– Modulation
– Coding
• Transmission Channel
– Loss or Attenuation
– Distortion
– Interference
– Noise
• Receiver
– Amplification
– Demodulation and decoding
– Filtering
 Alteration of the Signal
• Loss or Attenuation
– Can be compensated by amplification at the receiver
• Alteration of the Signal Shape
– Distortion
• Disappears when the signal is turned off
• Linear distortion may be corrected by the use of equalizers
(special filter).
– Interference
• Contamination by other signals from human sources
– Noise
• Contamination by signals from natural processes both
internal and external to the system
 Types of Communication
• Simplex (SX)
– One way communication
• Full-duplex (FDX)
– Two way communication at the same time
• Half-duplex (HDX)
– Two way communication, but not at the same
time.
 Fundamental Physical
Limitations
• Bandwidth
– If a signal changes
rapidly in time, its
frequency content or C  2 B log 2 M
spectrum extends
over a wide range, i.e.
the signal has a large
bandwidth
– Transmission
bandwidth
• Noise C  B log 2 (1  S / N )
– Thermal noise
 Analog Communication
System
Source of Signal
Modulator RF-Stage
information Processing

Channel

Information Signal
Demodulator RF-Stage
sink Processing

[Slimane]
 Modulation
• Modulating signal
– Represent the message
• Carrier Wave
– Waveform the suits the application
• Modulation is a reversible operation
– Modulation – Demodulation
• Frequency translation
 Modulation
• Modulation for Efficient Transmission
– Antennas should have a dimension of at least 1/10 of
the wavelength of the radio signal
• Modulation to Overcome Hardware Limitations
– Bandwidth should be at most 1/10 of the carrier
frequency
• Modulation to Reduce Noise and Interference
– Wideband noise reduction – Increase bandwidth to
reduce signal power
• Modulation for Frequency Assignment
• Modulation for Multiplexing
– Multiple Access
 Digital Communication
System

Source of Source Channel Digital

Modulator RF-Stage
Information Encoder Encoder Modulator

Channel

Information Source Channel Digital

Demodulator RF-Stage
Sink Decoder Decoder Demodulator

[Slimane]
 Coding
• Modulation – Signal Processing Operation
• Coding – Symbol Processing Operation
• Encode – Decode
• Channel Coding
• Source Coding
 decibels
• The bel is a logarithmic unit of power ratios. One bel corresponds to an
increase of power by a factor of 10 relative to some reference power, Pref.
 P 
P[ bel ]  log10  
P 
 ref 
• The bel is a large unit, so that decibel (dB) is almost always used:

 P 
P[ dB ]  10 log10  
P 
 ref 
• The above equation may also be used to express a ratio of voltages (or
field strengths) provided that they appear across the same impedance (or
in a medium with the same wave impedance):

 V 
V[ dB ]  20 log10  
V  [Saunders, 1999]
 ref 
 decibels
Unit Reference Power Application

dBW 1W Absolute power

dBm 1 mW Absolute power

P [dbW] = P [dBm] - 30
dBV 1 V Absolute voltage, typically at the input
terminals of a receiver
dB any Gain or loss of a network

dBV/m 1 V/m Electric field strength

dBi Power radiated by and isotropic Gain of an antenna

reference antenna
dBd Power radiated by a half-wave Gain of an antenna
dipole 0 dBd = 2.15 dBi
[Saunders, 1999]
 Signals
• Deterministic Signals
– Periodic Signals
– Non-Periodic
• Stochastic Signals
– Stationary
– Non Stationary