DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)

Shavige Malleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bengaluru-560078
Department of Information Science and Engineering
(Accredited by NBA & NAAC with ‘A’ Grade)

WIRELESS AND MOBILE NETWORKS

17IS8SEWMN

Faculty Name:
Mrs. Radhika T V
Assistant professor
Dept. of ISE,DSCE

Dept of ISE,DSCE
 Course Outcomes
• CO1-Categorize various Types of Wireless Communication Systems
and comprehend the importance of Technologies in Digital Wireless
Communication
• CO2-Identify wireless networking issues
• CO3-Design Wireless personal and body are networks.
• CO4-Learn about wireless LAN protocols
• CO5Analyze the most important features in wireless network
architecture and its applications
• CO6-Interpret the functionality of  Wireless networking standards

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 Module 1
Fundamentals of Wireless Communication

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 Learning objectives

•To introduce the concept of wireless media

•To know the frequency spectrum for wireless communications
•To review the principles of coding and modulation schemes
•To understand the limitations of wireless communication
•To study the wireless transmission and switching technologies
•To study the diversity techniques for wireless systems
•To discuss the performance improvement techniques for wireless
communication systems.
•To know the generations of cellular systems
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 Digital Communications

• Digital communication refers to the transmission of a

sequence of digital messages (a bit stream) or a digitized
analog signal.
• Digital messages are either represented by a sequence of
pulses by means of a line code, or by a limited set of analog
wave forms using a digital modulation method.
• Digital modulation

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 Digital Communications(Contd..)

Transmitting data in digital form allows the following

• Greater signal processing capability.
• Errors caused by random processes can be detected
and corrected,
• digital signals can also be sampled instead of
continuously monitored,
• multiplexing of multiple digital signals is much
simpler to the multiplexing of analog signals

Dept of ISE,DSCE
Dept of ISE,DSCE
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Source coding: digitization; channel encoder: error detection and error

correction

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 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM (cntd..)
• The main design goals of transmitter and receiver are to
mitigate distortion and noise from channel.
• Performance metric for analog system is Fidelity.
• Performance metric for digital system is based on data rate
and bit error probability.

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• Channel capacity: the maximum rate at which data can be
transmitted over the channel under given conditions.
• Bandwidth: the bandwidth of the transmitted signal as constrained
by the transmitter and the nature of the transmission medium.
• Shannon capacity defines maximum possible data rate for systems
with noise: C = B log2(1 + S/N) (in bps).
• B the bandwidth (in Hz, sometimes bps is ambiguously used).
• S/N the signal-to-noise ratio.

• Nyquist formulation: C = 2B log2 M (the limitation on data rate is

simply the bandwidth of the signal )
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Problems

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Problems(Cntd.)

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Problems(Cntd.)

Dept of ISE,DSCE
 Wireless communication limitations

• Bandwidth
– Mobile phones and PDAs have smaller memory, and it is
hard to read large documents on them and may require
information of lesser bandwidth.
– Larger computing devices connected in wireless
environments may require more bandwidth information
since there is no constraint on the screen and the memory.
• Available LAN device bandwidth is maximum 55Mbps,
whereas users demand is 10 Gbps. This imbalance forces
to have a clever wireless networking environments.

Dept of ISE,DSCE
 Wireless communication limitations (Contd..)

• Frequency spectrum
– The frequency spectrum is limited and finite.
– The number of users who can be connected to a wireless
network at a given time are limited.
– Dynamic channel allocation schemes can be used to
optimize the frequency usage of the given wireless
communication area.
• Power
– The power density from a wireless antenna decreases
rapidly as one moves away from the antenna.
– A mobile node transmitter power in a wireless local
environment ranges from 230 mW to 2 W in 1850-1880
MHz range (uplink) that covers a distance of 8 km.
Dept of ISE,DSCE
 WIRELESS MEDIA

Wireless and Radio

Radio may be defined as

• A method of communicating over a distance by modulating

electromagnetic waves by means of an intelligence bearing-signal
and radiating these modulated waves by means of transmitter and a
receiver.
• A device or pertaining to a device, that transmits or receives
electromagnetic waves in the frequency bands that are between
10kHz and 3000 GHz.

Dept of ISE,DSCE
 Voice over radio

• Early 20th century, there were several experiments transmitting

the voice data over the radio.
• 1914 : First voice over radio transmission.
• 1920 : Mobile receivers installed in police cars in Detroit,
USA.
• 1930 : Mobile transmitters developed; radio equipment
occupied most of police car trunk.
• 1935 : Frequency modulation (FM) demonstrated by
Armstrong.
• 1940s : Majority of police systems converted to FM.

Dept of ISE,DSCE
 Birth of mobile telephony

• Mobile telephone started gaining importance in 1940s.

Developments of mobile telephony in chronological order are
as follows.
• 1946 - First interconnection of mobile users to public switched
telephone network (PSTN).
• 1960s - Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS)
introduced; supports full-duplex.

Dept of ISE,DSCE
 Wireless and Infrared

IR waves are longer than visible light waves and shorter than
radio waves. It cannot pass through walls or ceilings, but it can
bounce off flat surfaces and pass through open door ways.

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 Uses of infrared wireless
• IR used in PANs, specific wireless LAN, impractical in
mobile; used only to implement fixed wireless networks.

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IR connected devices

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TECHNOLOGIES IN DIGITAL
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
•Coding
• Source coding
-Speech coding
-Waveform coding
-Linear Predictive coding
•Modulation,

•Physical channel creation

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 Cntd..
• Source CODING

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 Source CODING (Contd..)

• Source coding: Source coding deals with the

time and amplitude discretization of the analog
source signal.
• There are various techniques of coding.
• We just consider Pulse Code Modulation
(PCM), a basic form of waveform coding.

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 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

• PCM encoding process

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PCM Cntd..

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 Transmission of digitized data

• We are in the case of (analog data, digital signals).

• More correctly: process of converting analog data into digital data.
• Two things might happen:
• The digital data can be transmitted using digital signals. So we are in
the case (analog data, digital data, digital signal).
• The digital data can be transmitted using an analog signal. So we are
in the case (analog data, digital data, analog signal). This might be
dictated by the nature of the transmission medium (electromagnetic
waves in the air).
• We are in the case of a digital transmission because the digitized
voice data can be treated as digital data.

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Digitizing analog data and transmission

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Channel CODING

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 Cyclic redundancy check

• Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is probably the

most reliable scheme for error detection.
• Let k = Block of binary data, an n = length of CRC
sequence, which is appended to the k-bit data
block.
• The n-bit CRC determined in such a way that the
resulting k + n bit sequence is exactly divisible by
some predetermined bit string (generator
polynomial) which is n + 1 bit long.
Dept of ISE,DSCE
 Example
• Consider the data to be transmitted D is
101110 using CRC-error checking method.
Suppose the generator polynomial G is chosen
as 1001. Find the final value that the
transmitter sends and show the error detection
process at the receiver.

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CRC: at transmitter

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CRC: at receiver

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 Block coding

• Block coding is an error correction technique in which the data

is grouped into k-bit blocks.
• To each of the k bits for a block, (n − k) redundant bits called
parity bits are appended.
• The resulting n-bit sequence for transmission is called (n, k)
block code, for every n bits transmitted, only k bits are
information-bearing. The code rate is defined as k/n.

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Modulation

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WIRELESS MODULATION SCHEMES

• There are various schemes of wireless modulation.

We just consider the following of them.
• Binary phase shift keying (BPSK)
• Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
• Spread spectrum
• Direct-sequence spread spectrum
• Frequency hopping spread spectrum

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 Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
• Changing the bit changes the sign of the
transmitted signal is known as binary phase
shift keying.

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 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
• In QPSK modulation scheme, four different phase
angles are used to indicate the phase shifts based on
binary stream, thereby creating four symbols: π/4,
3π/4, -3π/4, and -π/4.
• The amplitude is constant.
• The QPSK corresponds to the Phase modulation with
4 symbols.

Dept of ISE,DSCE
 Spread spectrum

• Spreading the data across the frequency

spectrum makes signal resistant to noise,
interference, jamming and eavesdropping.
• There are two types of spread spectrum
techniques
– Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
- Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)

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 Direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)
• Each bit in the original signal is represented by multiple bits in
the transmitted signal, using a Pseudo Random Noise Code
(PN-code).
• One technique is to use an eXclusive OR (XOR)

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Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)

• The large bandwidth is effectively split into

frequency channels.
• The hop set (channel hopping sequence) is not
arbitrary, but determined by the use of a
pseudo random sequence.
• The receiver can reproduce the identical hop
set and so decode the signal.

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Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)

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Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM)
• OFDM is a multi carrier modulation (MCM) scheme, in
which many parallel data streams are transmitted at the
same time over a channel, with each transmitting only a
small part of the total data rate. Similar to FDM.
However, in the case of OFDM, all the sub channels are
dedicated to a single source.
• DMT (discrete multi tone) is a similar system used in
copper-based DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) systems to
overcome transmission problems.
• With OFDM, a high-speed digital message is divided into
a large number of separate carrier waves.
Dept of ISE,DSCE
FDM vs OFDM

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 Diversity techniques

• Diversity technique is a method for improving the

reliability of a message signal by utilizing two or
more communication channels with different
characteristics.
• Diversity plays an important role in combating
fading, co-channel interference, avoiding error bursts
and it may exploit the multipath propagation resulting
in a diversity gain.

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 Types of diversity

• There are several different kinds of diversity which

are commonly employed in wireless communication
systems as follows.
• Time diversity
• Frequency diversity
• Space diversity

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Time diversity (Contd..)

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Time diversity

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Frequency diversity

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Space diversity

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Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output (MIMO)

• Multiple-input and multiple-output, or MIMO, is the use of

multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to
improve communication performance.
• It offers significant increases in data throughput and link range
without additional bandwidth or transmit power.

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 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION CHANNEL
SPECIFICATIONS
• Wireless communication channel specification involves
allocating the finite resource in two steps:
• Finite resource is allocated for the two directions of
transmission
• Portion allocated for each direction is used to create multiple
channels for that direction.
• These two steps of subdividing the finite resource are referred
to as:
– Duplexing methods
– Multiple access methods

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 Duplexing methods
Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD)

• FDD is employed in radio systems to provide an uplink and

downlink radio channel between the sender and the receiver.
• In FDD, the total available bandwidth is allocated separately
for the forward and reverse directions of transmission.

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 Time Division Duplexing (TDD)
• Two directions of the transmission are created by alternating
the transmission in time.
• The maximum bit rate supportable for a given bandwidth W is
allocated between the two directions.

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 The multiple access methods

• The multiple access methods refer to the method of creating

multiple channels for each transmission direction. There are
three main types of multiple access methods:
-Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
-Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
-Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

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Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

• Frequency Division Multiple Access or FDMA is a channel

access method used in multiple access protocols as a
channelization protocol.
• FDMA gives users an individual allocation of one or several
frequency bands, or channels, so that receivers can
discriminate among them by tuning to the desired channel.
• Multiple Access systems coordinate access between
multiple users.

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Illustration of FDMA

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 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

• Time division multiple access (TDMA) is a channel access

method for shared medium networks.
• It allows several users to share the same frequency channel by
dividing the signal into different time slots.
• The users transmit in rapid succession, one after the other,
each using his own time slot.
• This allows multiple stations to share the same transmission
medium (e.g. radio frequency channel) while using only a part
of its channel capacity.

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Illustration of TDMA

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Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

• CDMA (or spread spectrum) is a form of multiplexing

where the transmitter encodes the signal using a pseudo-
random sequence which the receiver also knows and can use
to decode the received signal.
• Each different random sequence corresponds to a different
communication channel.

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Illustration of CDMA using FHSS

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 TYPES OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS
Traditional Communications Systems

• FM Mobile
• AM Aircraft Communications
• Paging Systems
• Amateur Radio (Ham Radio)
• Personal Communications Systems (PCS)
• Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

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 Cellular communication systems

• First Generation (1G)

• Second Generation (2G)
• 2.5G Communication Systems
• 3G Communication Systems
• Fourth generation systems
• Long-Term Evolution (LTE)

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 FM Mobile
• Typical mobile FM transmitters emit 5 to 150 Watts while
their permanent base stations often transmit at 150 Watts
with an omni-directional footprint. The spectrum profile of
narrowband FM spans about 5 kHz.
• Before the emergence of the personal mobile wireless
(cellular) phones in the 1990’s, public safety applications,
such as police, fire and forest services, used narrowband
FM technology.
• These applications still exist in the 50, 150 and 450 MHz
FM bands.

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 AM aircraft communications

• Using the VHF (Very High Frequency) frequencies in the

118-136 MHz region, authorities allocated 25 kHz-wide
channels for a higher voice quality AM for aircraft
communications.
• Being exceedingly mobile, aircraft interferer’s are also
difficult to pin down since any one aircraft is only in the
area for tens of seconds.
• But again, their ground transmitters can be a constant source
of relatively high signal powers. The spectrum profile again
reflects the voice nature of this application.

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 Paging Systems

• Paging is one way communication where a person informs

the base center the message to be sent to the destination.
• Paging systems typically use FSK modulation format which
exhibits a spectrum profile with two separated peaks, each
representing one of the two frequencies which shift
according to the digital “one” or “zero” being transmitted.

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 Amateur radio (Ham radio)

• Scattered throughout the frequency spectrum are a

number of allocated frequency bands dedicated to “Ham”
radio operators.
• While their transmitters largely use AM modulation, they
are also authorized to run experimental transmissions in
other formats. Their emitted powers can be quite high
since they intend to transmit to others around the earth.
• Hams often use large, steerable directional arrays of HF
(high frequency) antennas to increase their directional
power, so their interfering power can be quite high.
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 Personal Communications Systems (PCS)

• The PCS in the 1800-1900 MHz frequency band. PCS was

supposed to be a more comprehensive specification than the
earlier cellular specification at 800 MHz.
• Customers often prefer PCS systems because of their
inexpensive nature and the ability to install them without a
tedious licensing process.
• They are popular for point-to-point and point-to-multipoint
data link applications such as intra company data bridges.

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 Global System for Mobile communications
(GSM)

• GSM is assigned two frequency bands at 900 and 1800

MHz. Each band supports 124 channels at 200 kHz spacing
and each is broken into 8 time slots operating in a TDMA
mode.
– Short Message Service which allows you to send and
receive 126 character text mes-sages.
– Allows data transmission and reception across GSM
networks at speeds up to 9,600 bps currently.
– More capacity, ensuring rapid call set-up. Handsets also
smaller and more robust.
Dept of ISE,DSCE
 Cellular communication systems

• Cellular communication systems went through many

generations of development.
• First Generation (1G)
• AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service) was the first
standard. Based on FDMA, it provided wireless voice
transmission and minimal data services.
• Due to frequency reuse issues, one transmission tower
(commonly called a cell) can only support 118 calls at any
one time.

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 Second generation (2G)

• Second generation digital systems are classified by their

multiple access techniques as either FDMA, TDMA or
CDMA.
• 2G standard is the GSM system, developed to bring the
inherent advantages of digital cellular network technology
to the consumer market and provide a common standard.

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 2.5G communication systems

• The cdma2000 (1X) is part to Qualcomm’s strategy to

smooth the transition for CDMA WSPs to its new 3G
technology, cdma2000 (3X). GPRS provides a packet
switched data delivery mechanism to GSM systems, with
higher bandwidths than GSM itself.
• EDGE offers 384 kbps suitable for mobile multimedia
communications whereas earlier GPRS was offering 144
kbps.

Dept of ISE,DSCE
 3G communication systems

• Third Generation (3G) cellular systems were developed with

the aim of offering high-speed data connectivity to mobile
customers.
• 3G systems are defined by the International
Telecommunications Union initiative IMT-2000, as being
capable of supporting high-speed data rates in the range of
144 Kbps to >2 Mbps, depending on the conditions and
mobile speed.

Dept of ISE,DSCE
 Fourth generation systems

• With UMTS paving the way for an explosion of multimedia

services on the mobile Internet, researching on 4G has
started, which will demand increasingly sophisticated
systems and ever-faster radio links to support them.
• A primary area of 4G research includes bandwidth efficient
multiple access technology. This will result in improved
quality of service, increased data throughput and spectral
efficiency, adaptive modulation coding and the design of
novel algorithms.

Dept of ISE,DSCE