CAREGIVING

LECTURE 3
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

A. CONCEPTION TO FULL TERM

-FIRST TRIMESTER
 when a sperm fertilises your ovum (egg)
—the first trimester of pregnancy is
counted from the first day of your last
period through to week 12.
FIRST TRIMESTER
FIRST TRIMESTER

 Pregnancy care providers can

detect an embryo on an ultrasound
as early as six weeks into the
pregnancy. An embryo develops
into a fetus around the eighth week
of pregnancy.
FIRST TRIMESTER CARE

 FOLIC ACID AND IODINE AS A CAREGIVER, you can help in

SUPPLEMENTS
the ff aspects:
 Folic acid significantly reduces your baby’s  develop coping and stress management
risk of neural tube defects, such as spina
strategies, as couples or mothers tend to make
bifida.
difficult lifestyle changes to accommodate a
 GOOD NUTRITION baby in the household,
 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY  plan for incorporating the new baby into
 ENOUGH REST family life, and for the future.
 PRENATAL APPOINTMENTS
 AVOID CAFFEINE AND SMOKING
NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS

 NTDs occur when the neural tube does

not close properly. The neural tube forms
the early brain and spine. These types of
birth defects develop very early during
pregnancy, often before a woman knows
she is pregnant. The two most common
NTDs are spina bifida (a spinal cord
defect) and anencephaly (a brain defect).
SECOND TRIMESTER (4-6 months)

 The second trimester represents the middle

part of pregnancy, from weeks 13 to 26.
During the second trimester, the baby will
grow from about 7.5cm in length, and
weighing 30g in week 13, to about 23cm in
length and 820g at week 26.
SECOND TRIMESTER CARE

  Keep your teeth and gums healthy. Poor

Continue to take prenatal vitamins.
 Exercise regularly.
 Work out your pelvic floor by
doing Kegel exercises.
 Eat a diet high in fruits,
vegetables, low-fat forms of
protein, and fiber.
 or tea per day)
Drink lots of water.
 Eat enough calories (about 300
calories more than normal).
dental hygiene is linked to premature
labor.
What to avoid
 strenuous exercise or strength training that
could cause an injury to your stomach
 alcohol
 caffeine (no more than one cup of coffee
 smoking
 illegal drugs
 raw fish or smoked seafoodS
SECOND TRIMESTER CARE
 shark, swordfish, mackerel, or
white snapper fish (they have high
levels of mercury)
 raw sprouts
 cat litter, which can carry a
parasite that causes toxoplasmosis
 unpasteurized milk or other dairy
products
 deli meats or hot dogs
 the following prescription drugs:
isotretinoin (Accutane) for acne,
acitretin (Soriatane) for psoriasis,
thalidomide (Thalomid), and ACE
inhibitors for high blood pressure
THIRD TRIMESTER

 fetus continues to grow in size and

weight. The lungs are still
maturing, and the fetus begins to
position itself head down. By the
end of the third trimester, the fetus
is about 19 to 21 inches long and
weighs, on average, 6 to 9 pounds.
 Through the third trimester, you
will have frequent antenatal check-
ups about every 4 weeks until 36
weeks, then every 2 weeks after
that. To give your baby a healthy
start, it's important to eat healthy
foods and stay active throughout
pregnancy, even during the third
trimester.
BREASTFEEDING CARE

 Ask for help with positioning and latching.

 Soothe your nipples after feeds with nipple cream.
 Prevent chafing in between feeds with
breast shells.
 Keep your nipples dry by using breast pads.
 Heal particularly sore nipples with
nipple protectors.
 Encourage milk flow before your baby begins
feeding, or if your nipples are sore, by expressing
milk.
 If you have inverted nipples, try using a niplette to
help correct them.
ANOREXIA & BULLIMIA NERVOSA
ANOREXIA
 is an eating disorder characterized by
food restriction, body image disturbance, fear
of gaining weight, and an overpowering desire
to be thin.[
BULLIMIA
 is a serious, potentially life-threatening eating
disorder. People with bulimia binge eat. This
means people feel like they've lost control
over their eating. They eat large amounts of
food in one sitting. This often occurs in secret,
and they often feel very guilty and shameful.
Then they try to get rid of the food and extra
calories in an unhealthy way, such as
vomiting or misusing laxatives. This is called
purging.
MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES (teenagers-adults)
 Causes - Depression
The four types of
 Stressful events. Most people take time to come to
depression are :
terms with stressful events, such as bereavement or a
-situational, relationship breakdown. ...
-biological,  Personality. ...
 Family history. ...
- psychological
 Pregnancy and giving birth. ...
-existential,
 Menopause. ...
each of which has its
 Loneliness. ...
own primary causes.
 Alcohol and drugs. ...
 Illness.
Depression is about 50% more common among women than
among men. Worldwide, more than 10% of pregnant women
and women who have just given birth experience depression
(2). More than 700 000 people die due to suicide every year.
TEENAGE DEPRESSION

 Teen depression is a serious mental health problem that causes a persistent feeling of
sadness and loss of interest in activities. It affects how your teenager thinks, feels and
behaves, and it can cause emotional, functional and physical problems. Although
depression can occur at any time in life, symptoms may be different between teens and
adults.
 Issues such as peer pressure, academic expectations and changing bodies can bring a lot
of ups and downs for teens. But for some teens, the lows are more than just temporary
feelings — they're a symptom of depression.
 Teen depression isn't a weakness or something that can be overcome with willpower — it
can have serious consequences and requires long-term treatment. For most teens,
depression symptoms ease with treatment such as medication and psychological
counseling.
EMOTIONAL CHANGES

 Feelings of sadness, which can include crying spells for no apparent reason
 Frustration or feelings of anger, even over small matters
 Feeling hopeless or empty
 Irritable or annoyed mood
 Loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities
 Loss of interest in, or conflict with, family and friends
 Low self-esteem
 Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
 Fixation on past failures or exaggerated self-blame or self-criticism
 Extreme sensitivity to rejection or failure, and the need for excessive reassurance
 Trouble thinking, concentrating, making decisions and remembering things
 Ongoing sense that life and the future are grim and bleak
 Frequent thoughts of death, dying or suicide
Behavioral changes
Watch for changes in behavior, such as:
•Tiredness and loss of energy
•Insomnia or sleeping too much
•Changes in appetite — decreased appetite and weight loss, or increased cravings
for food and weight gain
•Use of alcohol or drugs
•Agitation or restlessness — for example, pacing, hand-wringing or an inability to
sit still
•Slowed thinking, speaking or body movements
•Frequent complaints of unexplained body aches and headaches, which may
include frequent visits to the school nurse
•Social isolation
•Poor school performance or frequent absences from school
•Less attention to personal hygiene or appearance
•Angry outbursts, disruptive or risky behavior, or other acting-out behaviors
•Self-harm — for example, cutting or burning
•Making a suicide plan or a suicide attempt
Causes
It's not known exactly what causes depression, but a variety of issues may be involved.
These include:
•Brain chemistry. Neurotransmitters are naturally occurring brain chemicals that carry
signals to other parts of your brain and body. When these chemicals are abnormal or
impaired, the function of nerve receptors and nerve systems changes, leading to
depression.
•Hormones. Changes in the body's balance of hormones may be involved in causing or
triggering depression.
•Inherited traits. Depression is more common in people whose blood relatives — such
as a parent or grandparent — also have the condition.
•Early childhood trauma. Traumatic events during childhood, such as physical or
emotional abuse, or loss of a parent, may cause changes in the brain that increase the
risk of depression.
•Learned patterns of negative thinking. Teen depression may be linked to learning to
feel helpless — rather than learning to feel capable of finding solutions for life's
challenges.
Prevention:

There's no sure way to prevent depression. However, these strategies may

help. Encourage your teenager to:
•Take steps to control stress, increase resilience and boost self-esteem to
help handle issues when they arise
•Practice self-care, for example by creating a healthy sleep routine and
using electronics responsibly and in moderation
•Reach out for friendship and social support, especially in times of crisis
•Get treatment at the earliest sign of a problem to help prevent
depression from worsening
•Maintain ongoing treatment, if recommended, even after symptoms let
up, to help prevent a relapse of depression symptoms
SUBSTANCE ABUSE
TEENAGE PREGNANCY

 Adolescent mothers (aged 10–19

years) face higher risks
of eclampsia, puerperal
endometritis and systemic
infections than women aged 20–
24 years, and babies of
adolescent mothers face higher
risks of low birth weight, preterm
birth and severe neonatal
condition.
SUICIDE
What can you do if you think someone is at risk for suicide?
Experts recommend these ways to approach and assist someone at risk:
1.Ask them if they are okay or if they are thinking of hurting or killing
themself. Don’t be afraid to ask directly: “Are you having thoughts of
hurting or killing yourself?” Asking about suicide will not “put the idea in
their head.” In fact, a lot of people thinking about suicide feel relieved when
they can talk about their feelings.

2.Listen to them like a true friend. Someone thinking about suicide needs
your support. So don’t say they’re being silly, dramatic, or overreacting.
Don’t interrupt or try to say things are not as bad as they think; just let them
talk about their thoughts and feelings, and be a good listener.
1.Tell them you are worried and concerned about them. “It seems like you’re
really sad lately and that worries me.” Or, “What you said about wanting to hurt
yourself really concerns me.”

2.Let them know they have been heard. Don’t be afraid to repeat back to them
what you have heard to make sure you understand. “It sounds like you have been
really sad and angry over arguments at home and with your girlfriend.” Don’t
judge what they say; just let them know that you have been listening and
understand why they are upset.

3.Tell them they are not alone. Having mental health concerns can be very lonely.
People may feel like they are different from everyone else or that no one can
understand. Let them know that they aren’t the only one. Other people have felt
this way before—overwhelmed, depressed, scared, angry. Even more
importantly, let them know that you and others care, and you’re there to support
them.
Talk to an adult you trust about your concerns and direct the adult to
this page. Don’t ever keep suicidal thoughts or plans a
secret! Don’t worry that talking to an adult will betray their trust or
“tattle” on them. Even if they get mad for a little while, at least they
will be alive. Most of the time, suicidal adolescents and young adults
are relieved when someone finally knows. Remember, being a good
friend can save their life. And a trusted adult, like a parent, sibling,
teacher, coach, or pastor, will help you know what to do.Feeling
suicidal usually means that someone is hopeless. They may feel like
no one can help. They may be out of better options for escaping
feelings or situations that are unbearable and painful. But
they can feel better again someday, and a trusted adult will get them
the help they need
NUTRITION

 is the process of taking in food and

converting it into energy and other
vital nutrients required for life. In
the process of nutrition, organisms
utilize nutrients.
Body mass index (BMI)
is a measure of body fat
based on height and
weight that applies to
adult men and women.