TUGAS

FIRST TRIMESTER

DOSEN PEMBIMBING:

DISUSUN OLEH:

1. KEYSHA AYU RENATHA

2. MIRANDA PUTRI
3. VIRA
4. KADEK SINTA TIARA KR
5. NAJLA

POLTEKNIK KESEHATAN PALEMBANG

PRODI DII JURUSAN KEBIDANAN

2019/2020
What is first trimester?
The first trimester is the time in beetween fertilization of the egg by the sperm (conception) and week 12
of a pregnancy. A woman’s body goes through many changes during the first 12 weeks of a pregnancy.

How long is the first trimester?

The first trimester lasts from week 1 through the end of week 13 of pregnancy.

Baby’s growth during the first trimester

During the first trimester alone your baby changes from a single fertilized cell (a zygote), to the embryo that
implants itself in your uterine wall, to a peach-sized bundle of growing limbs and body systems. Organs take
shape, and baby starts to move. Here are a few of the big highlights happening in this exciting time:

 Baby’s bones: By about week 6, baby starts to sprout arms, legs, hands and feet — and fingers and
toes around week 10.
 Hair and nails: Skin begins forming between weeks 5 and 8, with hair follicles and nail beds forming
around week 11.
 Digestive system: By about week 8, baby’s intestines will begin forming, and your baby will have
already gone through two sets of kidneys (with the third and final set on its way!).
 Sense of touch: Your baby will have touch receptors on his face (mostly lips and nose) around week
8. By week 12, he’ll have receptors on his genitals, palms and the soles of his feet.
 Eyesight: Optic nerves (which pass info from the eyes to the brain and back) and lenses begin to form
by week 4, with the retina beginning to form around week 8.
 Heart: By week 5, the tube that will become your baby’s heart begins to beat spontaneously. It will
become stronger and more regular — and you’ll be able to hear it! — around week 9 or 10 (though
sometimes later, depending on your baby’s position in your uterus).
 Brain: By about week 8 of pregnancy, your baby’s brain will be wiggling his developing limbs.
 Sense of taste: Your baby will have developed taste buds that connect to his brain by about week 8 —
but he’ll need taste pores before he can taste the surrounding amniotic fluid (which, by the way, tastes
like your most recent meal). Other major first-trimester milestones include the formation of muscles,
the production of white blood cells to fight off germs and the development of vocal cords.

Changes in your body

A lot happens for you in the first trimester, too. A couple of the most common early symptoms of pregnancy
you may experience:
1. Morning sickness: Unfortunately it doesn't just strike in the morning — and it typically starts up by about
week 6 of pregnancy. Ginger tea or drops might help, as can small but frequent meals. If it’s severe, you
might want to consider talking to your doctor about medications to treat the symptoms of pregnancy-
related nauseal
2. Tender breasts: So tender, so tingly, and so big! You might be wondering where your old boobs went by
about week 6.
3. Mood swings: You may (or may not) feel up, then down, then up again by week 7. If you have a history
of depression or think it might be more serious, talk to your doctor about getting screened for prenatal
depression.

Source: https://www.whattoexpect.com/first-trimester-of-pregnancy.aspx
Nutrition during pregnancy : 10 Do’s and Don’ts

The Five Do's of Nutrition During Pregnancy:

1. Do load up on the "big 5" nutrients: folate, calcium, iron, zinc, and fiber
Before conception and in the first six weeks of pregnancy, no nutrient is more vital than folate
(the synthetic form is folic acid). This B vitamin can reduce the risk of neural-tube defects, such as spina
bifida, by a whopping 70 percent.
You can get your daily minimum of 400 micrograms (600 micrograms is recommended in the
first trimester) from beans and legumes, citrus fruits and juices, whole grains, dark green leafy
vegetables, poultry, pork, fish and shellfish, but folate from foods is not as well absorbed as folic acid, so
pop a prenatal vitamin or folic acid supplement for insurance.
Your daily dose of calcium—1,200 milligrams from low-fat dairy products, dark green
vegetables and fortified orange juice and soy products—plays a key role during the second and third
trimesters, when your baby's bone and tooth development reaches its peak. Because the fetus leaches
calcium from your body, getting enough of this mineral can protect your own bones, too. Iron, important
for supporting your 50 percent increase in blood volume, is crucial in the third trimester. Aim for 30
milligrams per day.
"Iron is difficult to get from the diet, so take an iron supplement or prenatal vitamin with iron,"
advises Hope Ricciotti, M.D., an associate professor of OB-GYN at Harvard Medical School and co-
author of I'm Pregnant! Now What Do I Eat? (DK Publishing). To boost iron absorption, combine iron-
rich foods with vitamin C sources.
Your zinc requirement increases by 50 percent to 15 milligrams per day when you're pregnant.
Zinc deficiencies have been linked with birth defects, restricted fetal growth and premature delivery,
Ricciotti says. Although nuts, whole grains and legumes are good sources, the mineral is best absorbed
from meat and seafood.
Fiber (found in fruits, vegetables and whole grains) is particularly essential for your own health.
It helps prevent reduce constipation, a common pregnancy complaint that can lead to hemorrhoids, and it
makes you feel fuller longer; aim for 25 milligrams to 35 milligrams a day.

RELATED: A Food Guide for Pregnant Women

2. Do eat a rainbow of foods
Not only does a varied diet provide you and your baby with all the important nutrients, but an
eclectic mix also introduces your little munchkin to new tastes via the amniotic fluid. Of course, if
bananas and saltines are the only foods you can stomach in the first trimester, don't stress about it. "But
as soon as you start feeling better, aim for more variety," says Orlando, Fla., nutritionist Tara Gidus,
M.S., R.D. Deep-hued fruits and vegetables, such as blueberries, carrots and spinach, tend to be richest
in antioxidants.

3. Do limit your exposure to pesticides by choosing organic and locally grown foods when possible
"The developing immune system is so much more sensitive than the adult's," says Rodney
Dietert, Ph.D., professor of immunotoxicology at Cornell University's College of Veterinary Medicine,
whose research has linked prenatal pesticide exposure to later- in-life immune dysfunctions.
Other research has connected pesticides in the water supply to premature births and possibly
birth defects. "We have a lot of evidence now that nitrates [chemicals used in fertilizer] and pesticides
have the ability in very small doses to interact with the hormonal milieu of the pregnancy," says Paul
Winchester, M.D., a clinical professor of pediatrics at the Indiana University School of Medicine.
Washing your produce helps, Winchester says, but may not be enough. The types of produce harboring
the highest pesticide concentrations tend to be fruits and vegetables with thin skins, such as peaches,
apples, bell peppers and strawberries. Also know that foods imported from other countries, such as
Mexico or Chile, may contain pesticides that are prohibited in the U.S.

4. Do get your omega-3 fatty acids

A diet rich in omega-3s can boost your baby's neurological and brain development before birth,
likely leading to better vision, memory, and language comprehension in early childhood. It also may
reduce your risk of postpartum depression. Flaxseed oil, walnuts and omega-3-fortified eggs are good
sources of ALA, one of the three omega-3 fats, but fatty fish are the only reliable sources of the two
more important omega-3s, EPA and DHA, according to Ricciotti. The National Institutes of Health
recommend that pregnant and nursing women get at least 300 milligrams of DHA in their daily diet.
The trick is to choose fish that are high in omega-3s but low in mercury, which can harm a fetus's
nervous system. Varieties to avoid include swordfish, shark, king mackerel, tilefish and, some experts
now say, tuna, though canned light tuna is safer than albacore. Top picks include wild Alaskan salmon
(fresh, frozen or canned), Atlantic mackerel, herring, sardines and anchovies. Fish oil supplements are
also safe.

5. Do choose "double duty" food

"Nutrient-dense foods, such as yogurt, peanut butter, chicken, beef, eggs and dairy products, are
those that are higher in protein, calcium and iron, all nutrients your baby needs to grow and develop
properly," says Rose Ann Hudson, R.D., L.D., co-author of Eating for Pregnancy: An Essential Guide to
Nutrition With Recipes for the Whole Family (Marlowe & Company). Some other nutrient-dense foods:
Lean pork, like beef, contains protein, along with B vitamins, iron and zinc; orange juice offers folate
plus vitamin C, which helps you absorb iron from foods such as fiber-rich black beans and spinach;
whole grains are filled with fiber, B vitamins, magnesium and zinc.

RELATED: 15 Pregnancy Power Foods

The Five Don'ts of Nutrition During Pregnancy:

1. Don't "eat for two"
Half of all women gain too much weight during pregnancy, according to recent studies; that's up from 37
percent in 1993. Research suggests that when moms-to-be gain excess weight, "the babies have a higher risk of
obesity later in life," Ricciotti says. Plus, the mothers tend to retain extra poundage after giving birth.
It's crucial to base your pregnancy weight-gain goal on your height and prepregnancy weight. If you're
expecting twins and your prepregnancy body-mass index (BMI) was normal (18.5 to 24.9), experts now
recommend gaining 37 to 54 pounds: 20 to 30 pounds by 20 weeks; 30 to 46 pounds by 28 weeks; and the rest in
the last trimester.
If you're carrying a single baby, you need approximately 340 extra calories per day in the second trimester
and 450 extra in the third trimester. Doctors disagree on whether you need more calories in the first trimester—if
you're overweight, you likely don't. But rather than count calories, simply eat until you feel satisfied, and not
more. If you have a problem with portion control, seek the guidance of a registered dietitian.

2. Don't overdose on refined carbs

White bread, white rice, sweets and sodas rush into your bloodstream, spiking your blood glucose levels.
These spikes may result in fatter newborns, who are at greater risk of being overweight as they grow up. "If you
consume the same number of calories but just change what you eat, your baby may have less body fat at birth and
a lower risk of future obesity," Ricciotti says. Limit the white stuff and choose unrefined grains such as oatmeal,
brown rice, quinoa and whole-wheat tortillas and bread.

3. Don't overlook food safety

 To protect yourself and your baby from harmful bacteria such as E. coli, Salmonella and Listeria, "don't
eat raw or undercooked meat, poultry, seafood or eggs, and don't eat leftover food that has been sitting out for
more than two hours," says Gidus. Also, stick a thermometer in your refrigerator to make sure the temperature is
below 40 degrees, cold enough to stop bacteria from growing. Heat deli meats until steaming hot. With Brie, blue
cheese and other soft cheeses, check the label to make sure they are made with pasteurized milk; unpasteurized
soft cheese can harbor Listeria, which can lead to premature delivery, miscarriage or stillbirth. If there's no label,
don't take the chance. Stay away from sushi made with raw fish, but you're welcome to enjoy California rolls
containing imitation crabmeat or sushi made with cooked eel.

RELATED: A Week of Delicious Pregnancy Meals and Snacks

4. Don't go more than two or three hours without eating
Grazing not only pumps a steady stream of nutrients to your baby, it also keeps your blood sugar levels
steady so you don't "crash" or become lightheaded. "If you don't fill the tank frequently, you can bottom out," says
Ricciotti. Smaller meals also minimize heartburn, a common and painful problem as pregnancy progresses and
your stomach gets squeezed.

5. Don't forget to drink at least 12 8-ounce glassed of fluid each day

"It's hard to stay hydrated when you're pregnant because a lot of the fluid you drink leaks from your blood
vessels into your tissues," Ricciotti explains. Yet hydration is essential for preventing preterm labor; when you're
short on fluids, the body makes a hormone that simulates contractions. Staying hydrated also helps prevent
headaches, kidney stones, dizziness and common pregnancy complaints such as constipation and hemorrhoids.
You know you're well hydrated when your urine is light yellow to clear.

Source: https://www.parents.com/pregnancy/my-body/nutrition/nutrition-during-pregnancy-10-dos-and-donts/

Why is the first trimester the most dangerous ?

Harmful exposure during the first trimester have the greatest risk of causing major birth defecate.
This is because many important developmental changes take place during this time. While the heart and
stomach completely forms during the first trimester, the lungs continue to develop past the first
trimester.

Diseases in first trimester:

It is during this first trimester that the fetus is most suspectible to damage from substance, like
alcohol, drugs and certain medicines, and illnesses, like rubella (german measles). during the first
trimester, your body and your baby’s body are changing rapidly.