PRESENTATION

FA T
S OLUBLE
VITAMINS

PRESENTATED BY:
PRESENTATED TO:
 CATEGORIES

• Vitamin A

• Vitamin D
An organic compound needed in small
amounts for health and nutrition • Vitamin E

• Vitamin K
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VITAMIN A

Definition

• An essential nutrient for humans.

• It is a group of fat soluble compounds that includes retinol, retinal and retinyl esters
.

• Two forms: Preformed vitamin A and Provitamin A

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 ABSORPTION AND
TRANSPORT

Transport to the liver

Retinyl esters from animal-sourced foods are hydrolyzed by retinyl ester hydrolases

R e l e a s e f r o m the liver

Retinol is released from the liver and transported to extrahepatic tissues

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 • Required for the maintenance of normal vision
Retinal is combined with a protein called opsin to give
rhodopsin

FUNCTIONS
•Production and function of white blood cells ((T cells and B cells)
•Maintaining a healthy reproductive system in both men and women

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 DEFIC IENC Y A ND
TOX IC ITY

Deficiency

• Cause of preventable blindness in children worldwide

Toxicity and dosage recommendations

• Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for vitamin A is 900 mcg and 700 mcg per day for men and women

• Common side effects of vitamin A toxicity

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 V ITAMIN D

Definition

• Also referred to as “calciferol”

• Ultraviolet (UV) rays from sunlight strike the skin and trigger vitamin D synthesis.

• Two forms: Ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3)

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 HOW DOES THE BODY
PROC ES S V ITA M IN D?

Storage

• Absorbed through the skin or acquired from food or supplements, it gets stored in the body’s fat cells

Activation

• The first hydroxylation, which occurs in the liver, converts vitamin D to calcidiol

• The second hydroxylation occurs primarily in the kidney and forms the physiologically active calcitriol”

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FUNCTIONS
•Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption in gut and helps maintain adequate blood levels of calcium and phosphorus
•Vitamin D has potent anti-inflammatory properties

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 DEFICIENCY AND
TOXICITY

Deficiency

• Vitamin D deficiency occurs when the body doesn't get enough vitamin D from sunlight or diet. Vitamin
D deficiency can cause osteoporosis.

Toxicity a n d d o s a g e

• Research suggests that levels between 30–60 nanogram/mL are likely optimal.

• The main consequence of vitamin D toxicity is a buildup of calcium in blood (hypercalcemia)

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 V I TA M I N K

Definition

• Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin that comes in two forms.

• The main type is called phylloquinone and other type is menaquinones

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 A BS O RPTIO N A N D
TRANSPORT

Absorption

• Vitamin K is absorbed in the small intestine. The process requires bile and pancreatic juices.

Tr a n s p o r t

• Ingested vitamin K is incorporated into mixed micelles via the action of bile and pancreatic enzymes

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 • Vitamin K helps to make various proteins that are
FUNCTIONS needed for blood clotting and the building of bones
• Vitamin K may help keep blood pressure lower by
preventing mineralization
 DEFICIENCY AND
TOXICITY

Deficiency

• Vitamin K deficiency is much more common in infants. In infants, the condition is called VKDB, for vitamin
K deficiency bleeding.

Toxicity and dosage

• The adequate intake level for vitamin K is set at 90 μg/day for women and 120 μg/day for men.

• Although allergic reactions are possible, there is no known toxicity associated with high doses

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 V ITAMIN E

Definition

• Vitamin E is a group of eight fat soluble compounds that include four tocopherols
and four tocotrienols

• Alpha-tocopherol is the only one used by the human body

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 HEA LTH
BEN EFITS

V is ion
Reproduction
Vegetable oils are rich sources of vitamin E, where as liver
and eggs contain moderate amounts
Bra in a nd s kin
Antioxidant
properties
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 DEFICIENCY AND
TOXICITY

Deficiency

• Vitamin E deficiency can cause nerve and muscle damage

Toxicity and dosage

• The RDA for α-tocopherol is 15 mg for adults

• Vitamin E is the least toxic of the fat-soluble vitamins, and no toxicity has been observed at doses of 300 mg/day

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 REFERENCES

• Bender DA (2003). Nutritional biochemistry of the vitamins. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University
Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80388-5.
• Wolf G (June 2001). "The discovery of the visual function of vitamin A". The Journal of Nutrition. 131 (6): 1647–50.
• Rohde LE, de Assis MC, Rabelo ER (January 2007). "Dietary vitamin K intake and anticoagulation in elderly
patients". Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care. 10 (1): 120–124.

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THANK YOU