MODULE 5

LESSON 1: The
Universal Values and
Cultural Behavioral
Filipino Values
 INTRODUCTION

“Every society need to be bound together by common values, so that it’s members know what to
expect with each other,and have some shared principles by which to manage their differences without
resorting to violence.”

OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the lesson, the students must be able to:

• Identify the core values as a Filipino;

• Compare and contrast the Filipino values with the universal, generic frameworks and
• formulate ways of developing the desirable behavioral Filipino values of the young.
 LEARNING CONTENT

What is the VALUES?

• Values are the essence of who we are.

• Values are the principles that we hold to be of worth in our life.
• Values are the moral ideas, general conceptions or orientation.

 Sociologist this term in more precise sense to mean “generalized end which has the connotations of
rightness, goodness or inherent desirability”.

 According to Indian sociologist, R.K. Mukherjee, ‘Values are socially approved desires and goals that
are internalize through the process of conditioning, learning or socializations and that become
subjective preferences, standards and aspiration.

 American psychologists, Abraham Zaleznik and David Moment sates that “Values are the ideas in
the mind of men compared to norms in that they specify how people should behave. Values also
attach degrees of goodness to activities and relationships.”
 Thus, vaues are important because they;

 Provide standards of competence and morality are ideas that we hold to be important.
 Govern the way we behave, communicate and interact with others.
 Transcend specific objects, situation, or persons.
 Are relatively permanent and there is resistance to change them.
 The foundation for understanding the level of motivation.
 Are our perception to help understand what ought to be or what ought not do be.
 Imply that certain behaviors or outcomes are preferred over others.
 Allow the members of an organization to interact harmoniously. These make it easier to reach goals
that would be impossible to achieve individually.
 Are goals set for achievements, and they motivate, define and color our activities cognitive,
effective and connective.
 Are the guidepost of our lives and direct us to the who we want to be.
 Two Framework for Understanding Values

A. Milton Rokeach’s Two Types of Values

-Rokeach was an American social psychologist who did research on values and development the
Rokeach Values Survey. According to him, values are divided into two types:

1.Terminal values

-these are values that we think are the most important or most desirable.
-they refer to desirable end states of existence,the goals a person would like to achieve during his or
her lifetime.

2.Instrumental values

-deal with views on acceptable modes of conduct or means of achieving the terminal values.
-these include being honest,sincere,ethical and being ambitous.
-these values are more focused on personality traits and character.
TERMINAL VALUES INSTRUMENTAL VALUES

A comfortable life(a prosperous life) Ambitous (hardworking)

An exciting life (a stimulating, active life) Broadminded(open-minded)

A sense of accomplishment (lasting distribution) Capable (competent, efficient)

A world of piece (free of war and conflict) Cheerful (lighthearted)

A world of beauty ( the beauty of nature and the Clean (neat, tidy)
arts)

Equality (brotherhood, equal opportunity for all) Courageous (standing up for your beliefs)

Family Security ( taking cares of love once) Forgiving (willing to pardon)

Freedom ( independence, free choice) Helpful (working for the welfare of others)

Happiness (contentedness) Honest (sincere, truthful)

Inner harmony (freedom from inner conflict) Imaginative (daring, creative)

Mature love (sexual and spiritual intimacy ) Independent ( self – reliant, self – sufficient)
National security (protection from attack) Intellectual (intelligent, reflective)

Pleasure (an enjoyable, leisure life) Logical (consistent, rational)

Salvation (saved, eternal) Loving (affectionate, tender )

Self-respect (self-esteem ) Obedient (dutiful, respectful)

Social recognition (respect, admiration) Polite (courteous, well-mannered)

A true friend (close companionship) Responsible (dependable, reliable)

Wisdom (a mature understanding of life) Self-controlled (restrained, self-discipline)

B. Hodgson’s magnificent Seven universal General Principles (1992)
The second framework is kent Hodgson’s magnificent seven Universal General Principles. A
management consultant, Kent Hodgson, has identified seven general moral priciples that individuals
should follow when making decisions. He calls these “the magnificent Seven” and suggests that they are
universal values that can be used to make principled, appropriate, and defensible decisions.

1.Dignity of human life. The lives of persons are to be respect.

2.Autonomy. All persons, including ourselves, are intrinsically valuable and have a right to self-
determination.
3.Honesty. The truth should be told to those who have a right to know it.
4.Loyalty. Promises, contracts, and commitments should be honored.
5.Fairness. People should be treated justly.
6.Humaneness. (1) our actions should accomplish good; (2) our actions should avoid evil. Actions
should be of benefit to ourselves and others.
7.The common good. Actions should accomplish the ‘greatest good foe the greatest number of
people’.

Universal Moral Values

“There is a universal moral law written on the human heart” ( Pope St. John Paul II)
The most agreed upon universal moral value is the Golden Rule, which states, “Do unto other as you
would have them done unto you” found within the laws and codes of all the major religions. Kinnier, et
al. (2000) utilized ethnographic content analyses of religious texts and secular documents of different
religions and secular organizations to come up with a list of universal moral values.

The list includes four major categories and more specific values under each category:

1. Commitment to something greater than oneself

• To recognize the existence of and committed to a supreme being, higher principle, transcendent
purpose or meaning to one’s existence.
• To seek the Truth (or truths)
• To seek justice
2. Self-respect, but with humility, self-discipline,and acceptance of personal responsibility.
• To respect and care for oneself
• Do not exacit oneself or overindulge - to show humility and avoid gluttony, greed, or other forms of
selfishness or self-centeredness
• To act in accordance with one’s conscience and to accept responsibility for one’s behavior
3.Respect and caring for others (the Golden Rule)
• To recognize the connectedness between all people
• To serve humankind and to be helpful to individuals
• To be caring, respectful, compassionate, tolerant, and forgiving of others
• To not hurt others (e.g., do not murder, abuse, steal from, cheat, or lie to others)
4. Caring for other living things and environment
• The list may not be exhaustive but provides us a picture of what are common among the major religious
of the world and does not take a stand or bias in favor of any religion.

The Filipino Philosophy og Values

The Filipino people have a reputation for being cultural hybrids. Culturally, the Filipino people reflect the
diversity of external influences; Oriental (Eastern) and Occidental ( Western). F. there are two models of the
Filipino Values System, the first the exogenous model or the foreign model, while the second is the
indigenous model of the traditional model. ( F. Landa Jocano in Andres, 1981). The exogenous model or the
foreign model considered as the legal and formal model explains that Filipinos have inherited from Western
cultures many of our beliefs, practices particularly from the Spaniards and the Americans. Of course, there
were many foreign influences that reached the Philippines but the country was under Spanish rule for a long
period of time.the indigenous model or traditional model considered as traditional and non-formal explains
that the filipino values are deeply embedded in the filipino subconscious.
The Roots of the Filipino

The roots of the Filipino are Malay, Chinese, Indian. The Malay temper is the main component of the
Filipino culture.Readiness to adjust to new situation and desire to be above all nice are the two strongest
strains in the Malay character. The Malay respects for “niceness” is pne of a kind the malay is frivolous. The
chineses mind/a blend of philosophy and pragmatism, has been transplanted to the Filipino psyche, patience,
perseverance, hardiness and foresight, frugality and. The india influences can be seen mainly in art,
manners, beliefs, and language.

The Heart of the Filipino

The heart of the Filipino is spanish Christian, Christianization and social organizations along Western
lines leading to political unity and to the Western institution called nation were contributions of the spaniards
to the Filipinos. The religion of 80% of the Filipinos is spanish Catholicism. many of the value judgements are
spanish in origin. Generosity and arrogance are traced to Spanish roots. Delicadeza is typically Spanish.
Gentility or the emphasis on appearance, reputation, privilege, and status are all Spanish.

The mind of the Filipino

The mind of the Filipino is americans. American influences include the public health system, road system,
mass education, English language, modern mechanics and techniques of Westernized democracy, public
service and administration,presidential system, congress and municipal government. The american influence
opened up the Filipino thinking to become pragmatic. The docile and obedient mind of the Filipino became
questioning.

The Filipino Value Orientation

The Filipino value orientation is more outer-than inner-directed. There is the tendency to go for foreign
models to structure thinking, management style, decision-making, problem-solving process, and even
establishing confidence and competence. The outer-directedness of the Filipino value orientation is indicative
of an inner inferiority complex. In these present times, the millennials, Generation Z and Alpha Generation
have other sources of influence brought about by various social media platforms.
Typology of Filipino Value Orientation
A. Ultimate ends: individual self, individual family kinship, prosperity and happiness in its holistic sense,
family and individual prestige and fame.
B. Character structure and Life organization:
1. The financially successful man-image who has achievements without much hardship; who is Christlike but
also mundane enough to enjoy the fruits of his work.
2. Values: shrew, acquistive, calculating, modestly ambitious but not too hardworking, manipulative of
persons and thing, cooperative.
C. Person: inherent worth and dignity of person; a son of God with an immortal soul and infinite value.
D. Competition: competition in inevitable in life but must be avoided, if possible. if it cannot be avoided, one
must come out a winner by hook or by crook; if working with competitors is advantageously good, work with
them.
E. Cooperation: stress on mutual aid, service with ulterior motives.
F. Wealth and property: frugality and extravagance ; my property is mine, your property is our; public
property is mine; a symbol of respectability, prestige; some things are valuated quantitatively in monetory
units; a comfortable level of living regarded as desirable.
G. Social change, intellectual inquiry, and creativity: resistance to social change; not so inquisitive about
technology; ultra-conservative in substantial matters but ultra-progressive in accidental things; psychological
blocks to creativity.

The Filipino Values System

The Filipino value system is comprised of several layers. According to Clare W. Graves, human beings
exist at different levels of existence and that both individuals and social systems evolve and regress through
these clusters. Thus an individual operating at a particular predominant level will exhibit the values, beliefs
and behavior that form a consistent package for that level ( Andres 1981).The levels of the Filipino value
system include:

I. Subsistence Levels
The first six levels of existence are classified as subsistence levels.The overall goals of these levels are
individual survival and dignity. This would comorise this category:
1. Automatic existence. Filipino value which is within this level is economic security. At the level, the filipino
seeks for the immediate satisfaction of his/her basic physiological needs.
2. Tribalistic existence. Filipino values which fall in this category are: personalistic view of the universe,
supernaturalistics world view, nonscientific and nonrational beliefs, cyclic and psychological time-orientation,
bahala na, suwerte, gaba, awa ng Diyos. At the level, the Filipino defends a life s/he does not understand. He
trusts that his tribal ways are inherent in things. Here is a life based on myth, tradition, and mystical
phenomenon full of spirits, magic and superstitions.
3. Egocentric existence. Filipino values like amor propio, hiya, laulaw, kaikog,kataha, tayo-tayo system,
Filipino subservience, ambivalence, non-interference are in this level. There is the tendency that the raw,
rugged, self-assertive individualism of the Filipino surface.
4. Saintly existence. Pagtitiis, solidarity, utang-na-loob, bayanihan,religiosity are some of the Filipino
perceives that living in this world does not bring about ultimate pleasure.
5.Materialstic exstence. Filipino values,within this livel economic security,sociel
mobility,palakasan,nepotism, and relation to Filipino concepts of property.
6. Personalistic existence. Filipino values within this level are social acceptance, pagsasarili, acceptance of
the person, fear of rejection, sensitivity to person affront, smooth interpersonal relations, (SIR), pleasantness,
desire to please and not to hurt, pakikisama, euphemism, and use of go-between, Filipino hospitality and love
for affiliations.

II.Being Level
7. Cognitive existence. Filipino values within this level are love for education and self-
development,refinement. The Filipino aspires what he can continue to become. The Filipino uses intellect,
knowledge and rationality to put the world together.
8. Experientialistic existence. Filipino values within this level are family, kinship system, barkada, grading,
general social power region, languages, deep sense of personal worth, self-esteem,love, and respect for life.

The Filipino Aims, Goals and Aspirations

Fr. Frank Lynch identifies social acceptance, economic security, and social mobility as the three basic aims
that predominantly motivate and control the behavior of the Filipino (Andres, 1981).

1. Social acceptance as a goal. Social acceptance is defined as being taken by one’s fellow for what he/she
believes to be and being that image in accordance with his/her status.
Attainment of social acceptance is assisted by two intermediate values, which are:

A.Smooth Interpersonal Relationship (SIR) - the ability to get along with others in such a way as to avoid
outside signs of conflict. The methods used to maintain SIR include pakikisama, euphemisims, and the use
of go-between.

A.1. Pakikisama - giving in or yielding to the majority, even if sometimes it contradicts one’s idea or the
common good. More than anything else, most Filipino would want to get along with everyone and considers
it necessary to maintain good relations.
A.2. Euphemisms - the art of stating an unpleasant truth, opinion, or request as pleasantly as possible.
A.3. The go-between - she serve to prevent a direct confrontation between individuals or groups. The
intermediary is usually requested assist to avoid shame or embarrassment.

B. Sensitivity to personal affront. The loss of social acceptance is guarded against two sanctions discouraging
behavior descriptive of those relations and these are hiya or shame and propio.

B.1. Hiya or shame - a painful emotion arising from a relationship with an authority figure or with society,
inhibiting self-assertions in a situation which is perceived as dangerous to one’s ego.
B.2. Amor propio - the sense of self-esteem that protects the person from losing face especially when his or
her highly valued attributes are at stake.

Filipino Beliefs, Convictions, and Attitudes

The Filipino looks at the world and nature as controlled by other beings and forces above him. There is
the tendency for Filipinos to have a personalistic world view and explain the physical reality in a religious and
metaphysical manner. This attitude can be seen in our use of bahala na and suwerte mentality. The filipino
may attribute one’s succes to external sources such as suwerte ,fate God’s mercy, panalangin (prayer) or the
help of others. Related to this, the Filipino learns to submit to uncertainty, to take a bahala na attitude, and
to develop traits such as resignation, patience, and pagtitiis (endurance). The Filipino time orientation is
psychological rather than mathematical; cyclic, not linear; relative, not exact. Thus, Filipinos may say that we
don’t have to come on time because the program has not started anyway.
Filipino Principles and Norms
1. Structure
According to Jocano (Andres, 1981), the basic element of the Filipino social structure is kinship.
Philippine society is segmented into subgroups with which the members identify themselves to the exclusion
of others. The presence of two distinct personal possessive pronouns in philippine language (amin, atin, ato,
amon, aton,etc.) compared to the English term “our” makes the distinction between the in-group and the
out-group clear. The most important and highly valued segment in the Philippine society is the family and the
kinship system. The mother and father have distinct roles to play but the contributions of the grandparents
cannot be taken for granted which is commensurate the services rendered.The Filipino parent exercise almost
absolute powers over the children. The children usually consult their parents on important decision to
made.The another important Filipino structural principle is relionalism.

2. Operational
Equinvalence and solidarity refer to how the segments are viewed by members of a group and by those
not belonging to it. individual members are equated with the total group membership,be it a family or a
social group. Utang na loob, a feeling of indebtedness, is incurred when one receives a favor, service or good,
and a deep sense of obligation to reciprocate when the appropriate times comes. Some parents may expect
their children to have this utang na loob and thus would be forever grateful to their parents. Awa, kaluoy, or
compassion is another operational principle and norm of the filipino. Someone who is insensitive or
stonehearted to appeals of help may be labeled as walang puso ( without heart), anti-social or walang
kuwentang tao ( worthless person). Personalism, another operational principle, places major value to the
personal factors in getting things done. The value can be the foundation of genuine commitment, authentic
respect for the human person, meaningful involvement, deep loyalty, and mature freedom. There is the
danger that through palakasan a person who is less qualified in terms of ability, competence or attainment
gets the position over someone who is best qualified. Pagsasarili belong in this principle. It is the burning
ambition of every Filipino to be self-relaint, to make up one’s own mind and do the thing.

Filipinon Hierarchy of Needs

The Filipino theory, the first need of the Filipino is familism or the need to belong to a family or group. All
the basic needs, safety and security are met if one belongs to a family.The family is the basic economic,
social, political,psychological, spiritual, and moral unit among Filipinos.
The second need of the Filipino is the need to be reciprocated. This is based on the utang-na-loob value.
The Filipino respects other people and
must also be afforded the same respect.
The third need is social acceptance. This pertains to the need to be taken by one’s fellows for who the
person is and treated according to one’s status. S/he must cultivate goodwill so ad to get along well with them
for future economic, social, political, and religious gains. Conformity is rewarded with cooperation and
assistance while non-conformity may result in withdrawal of support.
The fourth need of the Filipino is social mobility. Social acceptance can contribute to social mobility. Once
social acceptance is satisfied, social mobility arises. The Filipino aims to move upward aconomically. The fifth
and highest need of the Filipino is pagkabayani (“being a hero”). The values of dignity, honor, and pride come
in. Here enters the value of hiya which in the broadest sense is best defined as self-esteem. In this level of
need, what is most important is the Filipino’s image as a person and achievements. S/he wants to be
respected and esteemed. The figure captures the Filipino hierarchy of needs.
Assessments

1. What are your values?

2. Differentiate the filipino values and universal values?
3. On your own opinion, difine the universal values?
4. On your own opinion, difine the filipino values?
Reference:

https://youtu.be/YeHjcCzABac?si=SLXO_3JT8sHiNgB
From the book of GMRC page 136 -149
https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/metro-manila-college/bachelor-of-secondary-education/5-eed-15-
module-lesson-materials/48893779.