SHEGER COLLEGE

POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM

Project Management Department

Individual Assignment II

On the course Organization Behaviour in Project

Prepared By: Firew Hailemariam

Submission Date: June , 2023

1. Value

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Value has been taken to mean moral ideas, general conceptions, or orientations towards the
world or sometimes simply interests, attitudes, preferences, needs, sentiments, and dispositions.

Values are defined in Organizational Behavior as the collective conceptions of what is

considered good, desirable, and proper or bad, undesirable, and improper in a culture.

Values state what is important to you as an individual and to your organization. In other words,
values are what you stand for. They reflect who you are, which in turn affects what you do and
how you do it, which is your culture.

A value is one of the most important things a person believes and stands for. It's something
essential that defines that person. Without their values, people wouldn't be the same.

It's important not to mistake someone's values for their beliefs. A value is more than something
people care about. A value is a guiding principle that defines a person's actions and behavior. In
other words, a person wouldn't be the same if you took away their values.

Having values and caring for something is different. For example, if you feel like generosity is
one of your core values, you are always trying to be generous, which impacts most of your
actions. In that case, not only would you give all the time to charities, but whenever someone
asks for help, you always drive the extra mile for them; you would do a bit of extra work every
day to help others and be generous towards all. However, remember that you can be generous
without necessarily having generosity as your core value.

Here are some examples of factors that can affect our values:

 Environment: our values are often the result of the environment we live in. The country
we are in, the culture surrounding us, etc.
 Family Situation: our family and close relatives will significantly impact our value
systems and decisions.
 Network: the people we know play a key role in our values, as we will often have similar
ones.
 Locus of control: someone with an internal locus of control will think that problems are
in their hands and that it's their job to find a solution. In contrast, someone with an
external locus control is more focused on what surrounds them.
 Education: can also greatly impact how people think and define their values.

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 2. Types of Values
The values important to people tend to affect their decisions, how they perceive their
environment, and their actual behaviors.

There are two types of values are

1. Terminal Values.
2. Instrumental Values.

Terminal Values

Terminal Values are most desirable to humans, and Instrumental values are views of how human
desires should be achieved.

These are values that we think are most important or desirable.

Terminal Values refer to desirable end-states of existence, the goals a person would like to
achieve during his or her lifetime.

They include happiness, self-respect, recognition, inner harmony, leading a prosperous life, and
professional excellence.

Instrumental Values

Instrumental values deal with views on acceptable modes of conductor means of achieving the
terminal values.

These include being honest, sincere, ethical, and ambitious. These values are more focused on
personality traits and character.

There are many typologies of values.

Terminal Values Instrumental Values

A comfortable life (a prosperous life) Ambitious (hardworking)

An exciting life (a stimulating, active life) Broadminded (open-minded)

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 Terminal Values
A sense of accomplishment (lasting contribution)
A world of peace (free of war and conflict)
A world of beauty (the beauty of nature and the arts) Clean (neat, tidy)
Equality (brotherhood, equal opportunity for all)
Family security (taking care of loved ones)
Freedom (independence, free choice)
Happiness ( contentedness)
Inner harmony (freedom from inner conflict)
Mature love (sexual and spiritual intimacy)
National security (protection from attack)
Pleasure (an enjoyable, leisurely life)
Salvation (saved, eternal)
Self-respect(self-esteem)
Social recognition (respect, admiration)
A true friend (close companionship)
Wisdom ( a mature understanding of life)
Instrumental Values
Capable (competent, efficient)
Cheerful ( lighthearted, joyful)
Courageous (standing up for your beliefs)
Forgiving (willing to pardon)
Helpful (working for the welfare of others)
Honest (sincere, truthful)
Imaginative (daring, creative)
Independent (self-reliant, self-sufficient)
Intellectual (intelligent, reflective)
Logical (consistent, rational)
Loving (affectionate, tender)
Obedient (dutiful, respectful)
Polite (courteous, well-mannered)
Responsible (dependable, reliable)
Self-controlled (restrained, self-disciplined)