Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University

Water Supply Engineering

Textbook:
Water Supply & Pollution Control, 2009
(Eighth Edition)

By: Warren Viessman, Jr.

Mark J. Hammer
Elizabeth M. Perez
Paul A. Chadik

Water Supply Engineering

Water Supply Engineering

Chapter II: Water Resources Planning and Management

Table of Contents:

1. Introduction: Water Resources Planning and Management

2. Environmental Regulation and Protection

3. Security of Water Resources Systems

4. Watershed Management
5. Integrated Water Management
6. Role of Geographic Information Systems
7. Conclusion

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul

University
Water Supply Engineering

1. Introduction: Water Resources Planning and Management

Water Resources Planning and Management – Multidimensional and
dynamic endeavors.

• Constraints:
- Technology
- Social Goals,
- Laws and regulations,
- Political Viewpoints
- Environmental concerns
- Economic realities.

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul

University
Water Supply Engineering

1. Introduction: Water Resources Planning and Management

Water Resources Planning and Management – Multidimensional and
dynamic endeavors. (Cont. . . .)

• Surface & Ground Water Interconnections

• Existing Water Supply Facilities
• Water Quantity and Quality as a single issue
• Local and Regional Solutions
• Equity in distributions

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul

University
Water Supply Engineering

2. Environmental Regulation and Protection

USA Focuses:
- Constructing dams, waterways (Irrigation and Economy), water
treatment plants, and wastewater treatment facilities.

- Good management practices for water infrastructures,

- Water Pollution Legislation – in 1886
- Public Health Services Act,1912,
- Water Quality Act. 1965,
- Clean River restoration act, 1966
- Nixon, a four-year wastewater treatment facilities program,
USD 10-billion
- National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), 1970 by EPA.

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul

University
Water Supply Engineering

2. Environmental Regulation and Protection

USA Congress approved two goals and eight policies.

I. Goals:
i. To reach, wherever attainable, a water quality that provides for
the protection and propagation of fish, shellfish, and wildlife and
for recreation in and on the water.

ii. To eliminate the discharge of pollutants into navigable waters.

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul

University
Water Supply Engineering

2. Environmental Regulation and Protection

USA Congress approved two goals and eight policies.

II. Policies:
i. To prohibit the discharge of pollutants in toxic amounts.
ii. To provide federal financial assistance for construction of publicly
owned treatment works.
iii. To develop and implement area-wide waste treatment
management planning.
iv. To mount a major research and demonstration effort in
wastewater treatment technology.

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul

University
Water Supply Engineering

2. Environmental Regulation and Protection

II. Policies (Cont. . . .):

v. T o recognize, preserve, and protect the primary responsibilities

and roles of the states to prevent, reduce, and eliminate
pollution.
vi. To ensure, where possible, that foreign nations act to prevent,
reduce, and eliminate pollution in international waters.
vii. To provide for, encourage, and assist public participation in
executing the ACT.
viii. To pursue procedures that dramatically diminishes paperwork and
prevents needless duplication and unnecessary delays at all levels
of government.

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul

University
Water Supply Engineering

2. Environmental Regulation and Protection

- Clean water act, the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) in Dec. 1974
- EPA established a federal standards to control the levels of harmful
contaminants in drinking water supply by all public water systems,
with the following major provisions (See page 10):

Class Work
- In 1977, in the clean water act was revised, including the following
(See page 10):

Class Work

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul

University
Water Supply Engineering

2. Environmental Regulation and Protection

- In 1986, the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 was amended with
the focus on groundwater protection:
1. Wellhead protection program
2. EPA guidelines for wellhead protection

- The Clean Water Act was reauthorized in 1987 as the Water

Quality Act of 1987 – controlling non-point sources of pollutions:
focusing on agricultural fields, feedlots, and urban areas including
streets.
- USD 400 million of federal funds was authorized to be used for
implementation of the cleanup programs.
- National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES).

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul

University
Water Supply Engineering

2. Environmental Regulation and Protection

- In 1990, 519000 miles of streams assessed in 1988, 30% of which
did not meet or partially did not meet, the standards for their
designated uses.
- Technology – based approach: (see page 11)

- Clean water act to be amended considering advantages of the

water quality standards (See page 12):

- The pollution prevention act, 1990.

- Revision of the Safe Drinking Water Act in 1996 – focusing on
contaminants of greatest risks, and cost – benefit analysis.

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul

University
Water Supply Engineering

2. Environmental Regulation and Protection

- As the result of water pollution control efforst, since late 1960s,
the once-rising tide of pollution has diminshed. But there is still
much to be done, particularly in the field of non[oint pollution
control.

- Table 2.1 summarizes federal statutes governing or affecting

water-quality protection (See page 14).

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul

University
Water Supply Engineering

2.2 Security of Water Resources Systems

- Following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, protecting
water resources systems became increasingly important, adding
yet another dimension to water planning and management.

EPA – water quality

• U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), the U.S. Bureau of
Reclamation (USBR), the National Resources Conservation Services
(NRCS), and the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) – Water Supply
• The Water Resource Council (WRC) till 1982 – coordinating
federal and state water programs and assessing the state of the
nation’s water.
• Also, others for rural water supply systems and wastewater
disposal facilities. (See Table 2.2 on page 15).

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul

University
Water Supply Engineering

2.3 Watershed Management

The Concept of “Watershed Management” – 1980

- Guiding principles for planners and engineers.
- National Water Commission in 1973, Water Policies for Future, and
other studies for Integrated Watershed Management – as foundation
for Managing Water Resources on all geographic scales.

Traditional Spatial an Institutional boundaries – can not solve many

water problems.

Broadening of state water planning practices in the U.S.

Regional Watershed Management Approaches.

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul

University
Water Supply Engineering

2.3 Watershed Management

Ecosystem approaches – air, water, land and biological elements

within the system boundaries.

“INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT”

means focusing on the appropriate spatial configuration (the right

watershed), using solid science and credible data, involving the
key stakeholders in decision-making processes, and apply the
concepts of “sustainable development”.

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul

University
Water Supply Engineering

2.4: INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT

Conceptually sound and should be the goal of water planners and

engineers.
- Spatial
- Environmental
- Institutional dimensions of water management.
- Stakeholders involvement in the planning process, and holistic
- Drive water resources decision-making process
- As the basis for regulatory developing regulatory program
- Emphasize on preventive rather then remedial actions.

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul

University
Water Supply Engineering

2.4: INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT

Integrated Water Resources Planning Process is hampered by the

following constrains:

(See page 16)

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul

University
Water Supply Engineering

2.5 ROLE OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS):

- GIS added a new dimension to water resources planning process

since 1970s, the rise of computer.

- GIS – combination of hardware and software that allows data to be

managed, developed, analyzed, and maintained in a spatial
context. At 1998 Conference, GIS is a visual language, a framework
for studying complex system, integrating our knowledge about
places, and helping us to organize our institutions.

- It helps us do a better job of managing water resources, enhances

the life of the public, increases efficiency, decreases time spent on
repetitious tasks, and ensures the success of ecological restoration
efforts.

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul

University
Water Supply Engineering

2.5 ROLE OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS):

- GIS is used in:

i. Water supply
ii. Wastewater
iii. Storm-water planning and tracking
iv. Watershed assessments
v. Master-planning
vi. Conceptual design and development of alternatives
vii. Model development and enhancement
viii. Floodplain creation and modernization,
ix. Decision support
x. Construction management
xi. Infrastructure and asset management, and
xii. Disaster prediction and emergency management.

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul

University
Water Supply Engineering

2.6 CONCLUSIONGIS
- The increasing need for water planning and management -
recognized long ago.

- At the basic level – successful planning and management require a

strong working knowledge of the political, legal, social, and
regulatory context of the planning region.

- Individual, agency , government, and special-group interests must

be coordinated and conflicts among them must be resolved.

- Water resources planners must apply their technology effectively

to address the views of society if their plans are ever to be
implemented.

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul

University
Chapter 1: Introduction

QUESTIONS!

Water Supply Engineering