Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal

A Seminar
on
DIODE LASERS IN PHOTODYNAMIC

THERAPY
By

Nitin Paliwal
222105001
OUTLINES
• Introduction
• Objective
• Materials used
• Methodology
• Literature Survey
INTRODUCTION

1. Diode lasers in medicine aim to harness precise and controlled energy delivery, providing advantages like
compact size, efficiency, and wavelength versatility for targeted tissue treatment, minimally invasive
surgeries, and enhanced patient outcomes.
2. Diode lasers in photodynamic therapy aim to precisely activate photosensitizing agents, optimizing
treatment effectiveness through tunable wavelengths for targeted and controlled light delivery, minimizing
damage to healthy tissues.
 AUTHOR
Marco Annunziata ,
Giovanna Donnarumma,
Agostino Guida, Livia Nastri ,
Gerardo Persico,
Alessandra Fusco,
Ignacio Sanz‑Sánchez ,
Luigi Guida.
Hira Nasim, Yasir Jamil .
Alaa Jamal Al-Ani1* ,
Ammar Saleh Al-Alawi ,
Hanan Jafer Taher.
Małgorzata Insi ´nska-Rak ,
Marek Sikorski and
Agnieszka Wolnicka-Glubisz ,
TITLE
Clinical and microbiological efcacy
of indocyanine green-based
antimicrobial photodynamic
therapy as an adjunct to non-
surgical treatment of periodontitis:
a randomized controlled clinical
trial
Diode lasers: From laboratory to
industry
Analysis of the Temperature
Elevation of the Dual Wavelength
Diode Laser and the Er, Cr: YSGG
Laser in Oral Soft Tissue Incisions
Riboflavin and Its Derivates as
Potential Photosensitizers in the
Photodynamic Treatment of Skin
Cancers
REVIEW REFFERENCE
Both treatment modalities resulted in significant clinical https://doi.org/10.1007/
improvements at 3 and 6 months. The only significant s00784-023-04875-w
differences in favour of the test group were found at 6
months for a higher PD reduction in initial deep pockets (PD
≥ 6 mm) and a higher percentage of closed pockets (PD ≤ 4
mm/no bleeding on probing). Limited microbiological
changes were observed in both groups after treatment with
no inter-group difference, except for a more significant
reduction in Aggregatibacter
actinomycetemcomitans and Parvimonas micra levels in the
test group at 3 months.
Diode lasers, with 50 years of history, have transformed https://doi.org/10.1016/
various fields. Atomic spectroscopy using tunable diode j.optlastec.2013.08.012
lasers is a fast-growing area due to their compact and
reliable nature, making them the top choice for researchers
and engineers.
The lowest mean temperature rise was observed with a 2.5 W https://doi.org/10.34172/
Er, Cr: YSGG laser, and the highest mean temperature rise jlms.2023.37
was observed with a 2.5 W diode laser, and all samples from
the two lasers showed a statistically significant difference
(P<0.05) in the temperature rise except for the 1.5 W diode,
which is higher but not statistically significantly different
from the 3.5 W Er, Cr: YSGG laser (P=0.100).
Dyes' photosensitizing properties depend on their chemical https://doi.org/10.3390/
structure, making it challenging to find dyes meeting all cells12182304
requirements. Riboflavin is a promising sensitizer, but faces
limitations like photodecomposition and solubility issues.
Despite this, new flavin analogues offer potential for
improved photodynamic treatment. Further in vivo studies
will assess their utility in PDT therapies.
Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher ,
Paweł Wo ´znicki , Klaudia
Dynarowicz and David
Aebisher ,
Seyed Ali Mosaddad ,
Reza Abdollahi Namanloo ,
Seyedeh Sara Aghili ,
Poorya Maskani , Mostafa Alam ,
Kamyar Abbasi , Farzad Nouri
Xinning Wang , Dong Luo and Photodynamic Therapy: Targeting
James P. Basilion . Cancer Biomarkers for the
Treatment of Cancers
Shila Hadadian , Atousa
Moradzadegan
Photosensitizers for Photodynamic
Therapy of Brain Cancers—A
Review
Photodynamic therapy in oral
cancer: a review of clinical studies
Investigating the Toxicity Caused by
Photodynamic Therapy with a Low-
power Diode Laser with a
Wavelength of 810 nm Compared to
a Combination of Curcumin in
Breast Cancer Cells
Brain tumors present unique challenges for treatment https://doi.org/10.3390/
due to the nature of nervous tissue. Photodynamic brainsci13091299
therapy, using photosensitizers like 5-aminolevulinic
acid and innovative third-generation compounds, offers
promise. Enhancing light delivery through LEDs,
optical fibers, and nanoparticles is a focus for
improving PDT effectiveness in brain tumor treatment.
Further in vitro and in vivo studies are essential for
refining treatment protocols.
PDT provides an alternative for superficial and early- https://doi.org/10.1007/s12032-023-
stage oral and larynx lesions, preserving tissue and 01949-3
improving function. It's beneficial for individuals with
field cancerization after surgery or radiation, offering a
minimally invasive, repeatable, and low-morbidity
option for oral cavity conditions, potentially improving
quality of life in resistant or advanced carcinomas.
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) offers a promising https://doi.org/10.3390/
alternative to traditional cancer treatments, cancers13122992
particularly for inoperable cases, with reduced side
effects and improved target specificity. PDT is also
valuable for fluorescence diagnostic imaging (PDD) and
can be combined with chemotherapy for synergistic
effects. Additionally, PDT induces antitumor immune
responses and requires strategies to overcome potential
resistance, making it a versatile and evolving cancer
therapy.
The percentage of survival, cell proliferation rate, and https://doi.org/10.5812/gct-138519
release of lactate dehydrogenase enzyme in the
combination of 500 μg/mL with laser was significantly
lower than the rest of the groups, while the average
concentration of malondialdehyde obtained according
to micrograms in the curcumin group with laser was
higher than other groups
Aleksandra Cios , Martyna Effect of Different Wavelengths Lasers have a wide range of applications in medicine, https://doi.org/10.3390/
especially in dermatology where stimulation of healing, ijms22052437
Ciepielak , Łukasz Szyma ´nski , of Laser Irradiation on the Skin reduction of apoptosis and necrosis, and skin rejuvenation
Aneta Lewicka , Szczepan Cierniak Cells are required. There are still debates on whether which
, Wanda Stankiewicz , Mariola laser lights wavelengths and/or their combination brings
the greatest and the best results. Before conducting
Mendrycka and Sławomir Lewicki planned experiments, it is necessary to establish the
proper parameters of laser devices to provide appropriate
safety precautions.
LASER
• Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
• The properties of LASER
1. Coherence: that mean, there is a relation between the amplitude and
phase of the wave at different pint in time and space.
2. Monochromaticity: all of the laser radiation is emitted at discrete
narrow band wave lengths.
3. Collimation: the laser beam is highly collimated, there is very little
beam divergence. In laser surgery, the collimated beam is focused by a
lens or mirror down small spot.
4. Brightness.
5. High energy
TYPES OF LASER IN
MEDICAL FIELD
1. CO2 laser-
2. Diode laser-
3. Dye laser-
4. Excimer laser-
5. Fiber laser-
6. Gas laser-
7. Free electron laser-
8. Semiconductor diode laser-
 METHODOLOGY

Literature Survey

Research Objectives

Experimental Design

Sample Selection

Data Collection & Analysis

Results and Discussion

 DIODE LASER 10

A diode laser is a semiconductor device that emits coherent light

through stimulated emission of photons in a p-n junction,
commonly used in various applications such as
telecommunications and laser pointers. Diode lasers are compact
and portable solid-state units that deliver wavelengths ranging
from 810 to 1064 nm. They are used strictly for soft tissue
procedures and penetrate 2 to 3 mm or more into soft tissue.
 PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY (PDT)
Diode lasers working in the wavelength range of 630 to 740 nm are
Photodynamic therapy is a medical
considered ideal for Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and dermatological
treatment using photosensitizing agents and applications
light to selectively destroy abnormal cells or
microbes is a cancer treatment that uses a
drug and light to destroy cancerous and
precancerous cells. The drug is called a
photosensitizer, and it's activated by a specific
wavelength of light energy, usually from a
laser. The light can also come from other
sources, such as LEDs.

Fig:- Modified Jablonski scheme illustrating the principles and mechanisms of

photodynamic therapy.
Fig:-Destruction of tumour using laser
 Presentation title 12

The wavelength is the most important. It determines

the depth of the penetration by the light—the higher
the wavelength, the greater the laser penetration
through the tissues . This is also associated with the
thermal effect caused by the light which increases
with the increasing wavelength.

Fig-:The skin cross-section showing dermal penetration by different wavelengths of light

(in order from the left: UVB, UVA, blue light, green light, yellow light, red light, infrared
light).
Fig-:Summary of the most important properties and effects on the cell of various wavelengths of light. AGEs—advanced glycation end-products; ALA-PDT—
aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy; BCC—basal cell carcinoma; bFGF—basic fibroblast growth factor; GF—growth factor; HMME-PDT—
hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether photodynamic therapy, LED—light-emitting diode, ROS—reactive oxygen species.
Fig:-Wavelength of medical laser