ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION

THROUGH LANDSCAPING
SUBMITTED BY
ASIFA P.A
B AT C H : S 5
HCCA
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS ENVIRONMETAL REMEDIATION
• Environmental remediation involves the removal of contaminants from soil, surface water, groundwater,
sediment, etc.
• If there is a risk of environmental damage or the health of humans, environmental remediation is used
to reclaim the contaminated area.

• Common Types of Incidents Requiring

Remediation
• Examples of pollutants include greenhouse gases,
toxic chemicals, particulate matter, oil spills,
radioactive contaminants, plastic waste, other
forms of trash, and more.
• These contaminants can be released into the
soil, air, and water (including groundwater) from
activities such as mining, drilling, deforestation,
chemical processing, agriculture (using pesticides
and fertilizers), and manufacturing.
TYPES OF REMEDIATION

There are two types of environmental remediation is carried out on various

environmental media, including soil, sediment, groundwater, and surface water..

WATER REMEDIATION: is the process of removing contaminants from water. Surface water in
lakes, streams, and rivers can be directly contaminated by pollutants released directly into the
water or by runoff from the ground.
Groundwater can become polluted by contaminants leaching through the soil and sediment
above it or as the result of industrial practices such as mining or drilling for natural gas and oil.

SOIL REMEDIATION :refers to strategies that are used to purify and revitalize the soil. Soil
contamination is caused by many of the same factors that cause groundwater contamination.
Often, the soil and groundwater are contaminated from the same source and both must be
remediated at the same time.
Soil contamination can result from chemical spills, industrial activity, and the use of certain
fertilizers and pesticides
SOIL AND GROUNWATER
REMEDIATION

Example showing process of soil and groundwater remediation

TYPES OF REMEDIATION
TECHNOLOGIES

There are two types of remediation:

1.IN SITU REMEDIATION

2.EX SITU REMEDIATION
EX-SITU REMEDIATION
TECHNIQUE
• Ex situ remediation is a technique which treats the
contaminants away from the location where they were
found.
• Contaminants are excavated or pumped out from the
original site and treated inside the controlled
environments.
• A wide range of hydrocarbons is purified by ex situ
bioremediation.
• Contaminated soils are excavated and placed on the
surface of the ground and treated using indigenous
microorganisms.
• Ex situ bioremediation can be controlled and
managed by providing required conditions.
• Examples of ex situ bioremediation processes
including composting, soil bio piles, land farming,
slurry reactors.
IN-SITU REMEDIATION
TECHNIQUE

In situ remediation refers to the bioremediation process which is performed at

the original site of the contamination.
In situ bioremediation concept is mainly used to treat contaminations in soil
and ground water.
However, the remediation rate and the effectiveness of the process depend on
different factors.

They are as follows:

• The type of the contaminant concern
• Site-specific characteristics
• Contaminant distribution and concentration
• Concentration of other contaminants
• Microbial community of the site
• Temperature pH of the medium
• Moisture content
• Nutrient supply
SOIL REMEDIATION
TECHNOLOGIES
Thermal Soil Remediation
• Thermal soil remediation is a method that removes
contaminants removed by subjecting soil to high
temperatures.
• This process is typically reserved for soil that has
been tainted with contaminated water or by
hydrocarbon compounds such as oil or other
petroleum products.
• This takes place in an oven, fed by conveyor belt.
• The way it works is by baking the soil causing
contaminates to evaporate.
• The extracted materials are captured and cooled
for later disposal.
• The treated soil is then cooled and removed from
the remediation machinery via a conveyor
system.
• After the process is finished, the soil is then ready
for recycling or further testing.
SOIL REMEDIATION
TECHNOLOGIES
• Encapsulation
• This process of soil remediation is somewhat
different from other techniques, as most
remediation uses a process to filter contaminants
from soils; encapsulation ensures they cannot
spread any further.
• It is just like a medical quarantine
• The most common technique of encapsulation is to
mix the contaminated soil with lime, cement and
concrete.
• This prevents other soil from coming in contact
with the contaminants contained inside.
• While it is effective, it also precludes using the
treated soil for any cultivation of any sort.
• Therefore, you shouldn’t consider encapsulation
unless the soil in question is never going to be used
in any capacity for growing anything.
SOIL REMEDIATION
TECHNOLOGIES
• Air Sparging
• The air sparging method of soil remediation is
indicated when soil has been contaminated by toxic
gases or vapors.
Air sparging is done by injecting large volumes of
pressurized air into contaminated soil or
groundwater, removing volatile organic
compounds that might otherwise be removed by
carbon filtering systems.
• It’s most commonly used for removing hydrocarbon
contaminants, but is best applied when the soil
cannot be removed first, as it must be done in situ.
• Sparging is one of the most common methods of in
situ remediation, so this something to consider
when looking at a soil remediation method.
SOIL REMEDIATION
TECHNOLOGIES
• Bioremediation
• Bioremediation is also an in situ remediation technique,
Contaminated soil is treated in situ by applying engineered
aerobic and anaerobic bacterium that feed on the
specific type of contaminant that a parcel of soil is
contaminated with.
• The bacterium consuming and breaking down the
hydrocarbons or other contaminants in the soil.
• Much like yeast feeding on sugar in a batch of beer, the
bacteria die off after the supply of contaminants are
consumed.
• It works best when a soil temperature of 70 degrees F and
only occasional rain.
• It can work in colder climates if soil is insulated and
covered, but will take longer to take effect.
• It is a very effective method requires conditions to be
amenable to work efficiently.
GROUNDWATER
REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES

• Stream stripping
• Involves treatment by introducing steam which extract the contaminants
from the pumped out groundwater. The extracted steam (along with
contaminants can be recovered from the condensate or treated further
by incineration.
• Oxygen Sparging
• Involves introduction of oxidizing/reducing agents (O2, H2O2,
Hypochlorite) to chemically convert the toxic contaminants to less toxic
compounds.
• Bioremediation
• Involves treatment of pumped up groundwater by air (biodegradation)
with careful control of moisture, heat nutrients, oxygen and p H.
• Carbon Adsorption
• Involves passing the contaminated pumped up groundwater through
activated carbon column in which contaminants gets adsorbed.
SELECTION OF REMEDIAL
TECHNOLOGIES
The selection of the remedial technology depends upon
several parameters such as:
Contaminant Profile:
• Types of compounds ( DNAPL, LNAPL, Ammonia, Virus,
Bacteria)
• Quantity and Solubility ( Solubility in Water)
• Toxicity and volatility (VOCs, SVOCs, Metals, etc)
• Biodegradability
Aquifer Profile:
• Soil Type (permeability, homogeneity, chemistry,
confined or open, etc)
• Groundwater Flow direction
• Water Table location
• Recharge location ( seasonal Rainfall)
Feasibility Profile:
• Cost of technology
• Time of completion
CASE STUDY:
FRESH KILLS PARK- LIFESCAPE
NEW YORK ,U.S
INTRODUCTION
Freshkills Park is a public park being built atop a former landfill
on Staten Island. Location Fresh Kills
Landfill site,
At about 2,200 acres (8.9 km2), it will be the largest park developed Staten
in New York since the 19th century. Island, New York
Its construction began in October 2008 and is slated to continue in City, United
phases for at least 30 years. States

The park is envisioned as a regional destination that integrates 2,200

acres of open grasslands, waterways and engineered structures into one
cohesive and dynamic unit that will host a variety of public spaces and
facilities for social, cultural and physical activity, learning and play.

Sections of the park will be connected by a circulation system for vehicles

and a network of paths for bicyclists and pedestrians.

Landfill caps and other gas collection and treatment systems are used to
ensure proper containment of wastes and promote a safe environment.
HISTORY

The landfill opened in 1948 in salt marsh in a rural agricultural area. The subsoil was clay, with a layer
of sand and silt on top. There were tidal wetlands, forests, and freshwater wetlands.

The initial plan was to raise the elevation of the land by filling for three years and then redevelop it as
a multi-use area with residential, recreational, and industrial components. However, three years
turned into fifty years.

New York City's population was growing and generating more garbage and it was easy to expand the
filling operation on Staten Island, especially for people living in the other four boroughs
The landfill accepted garbage from 1948 through 2001.

By 1955, the landfill was the largest in the world. At the peak of its operation, the contents of twenty
barges – each carrying 650 tons of garbage – were added to the site every day.

Staten Islanders tried many times to close operations at the landfill and were finally successful in
1996 when regulations were passed to close the landfill by 2001.
HISTORY
In 2001 it was estimated that, if kept open, the landfill would have eventually become the highest point on the East
Coast.

Under strong community pressure and with support of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the
landfill site was closed on March 22, 2001, but it had to be reopened after the September 11 attacks on the
World Trade Center in Manhattan.

Virtually all the materials from the World Trade Center site were sent to the temporarily reopened landfill for
examination.
Thousands of detectives and forensic evidence specialists worked for over 1.7 million hours at Fresh Kills Landfill to
try to recover the remains of people killed in the attacks.

The remaining materials at Fresh Kills were then buried in a 40-acre (160,000 m2) portion of the landfill that will be
known as West Mound.
Afterward, the landfill facility was closed permanently, in anticipation of the park on the site.
SAFETY MEASURE TAKE FOR THE
TRANSFORMATION

LANDFILL CAPPING

• Introduced land fill capping .

• It is a containment technology
that forms a barrier between
the contaminated media and
the surface.
• Restricts surface water
infiltration into the
contaminated subsurface to
reduce the potential for
contaminants to leach from
the site.
GAS COLLECTION SYSTEMS:
• Department of Sanitation
collects ~10million cubic
feet of landfill gas daily
(GFD)
• Purified at the onsite
facility
• 5million cubic feet of
pipeline quality gas sold to
National Grid
• Capable of heating 22,000
homes on Staten Island.
GOALS OF THE PROJECT
The transformation of Fresh Kills should be a model of continued
public engagement.

• Activate park
• Create opportunities for large-scale recreational activities
• Create neighbourhood park amenities
• Capitalize on fresh kills’ vast scale to improve regional natural
resources
• Build new roadways to mitigate the impact of the park on local
congestion
• Create educational opportunities
• Create opportunities for art and culture
• Demonstrate renewable energy systems
• Concentrate commercial facilities
• Promote youth recreation
• Environmental health and safety:
FRESH KILL PARK-
LIFESCAPE
• Lifescape is an ecological process of environmental reclamation and renewal on a vast scale,
recovering not only the health and biodiversity of ecosystems across the site, but also the
spirit and imagination of people who will use the new park.

• Lifescape is about the dynamic cultivation of new ecologies at Fresh Kills over time—
ecologies of soil, air and water; of vegetation and wildlife; of program and human activity; of
environmental technology, renewable energy and education; and of new forms of interaction
among people, nature, technology and the passage of time.

• The Fresh Kills site today already shows signs of remarkable ecological, cultural and scenic
potential.

• Its vast scale, beautiful winding creeks and extensive wetlands, along with the surreal
presence of large engineered mounds (mostly now covered in grasses and clumps of woody
material) create an unusually beautiful landscape.
MASTER PLAN
PARK AND FEATURES
. THE CONFLUENCE — 100 acres
Programmatic core of the site + waterfront recreation
hub
• The Point 50 acres
• Creek Landing 20 acres
• The Terrace 10 acres
• The Marsh and the Sunken Forest 20 acres
PARK AND FEATURES

2. NORTH PARK — 233 acres

Lightly programmed natural and open areas + Travis neighborhood park
• Wetland and lowland natural areas that extend William T. Davis Wildlife Refuge
• North Mound natural areas with light trail network
• Travis neighborhood recreation area, with trails, fi shing and bird-watching
docks
PARK AND FEATURES
3. SOUTH PARK — 425 acres
Concentrated active recreation + programmed natural areas + Arden Heights
neighborhood park
• Sports and active recreation center
• Mountain biking trails
• South Mound natural areas with mixed-use trail network
• Lowland natural areas
• Arden Heights neighborhood picnic and play area
PARK AND FEATURES
4. EAST PARK — 482 acres
Specialized programming + programmed natural areas
• Freshwater marsh and nature education center
• East Mound golf course
• Berm overlooks and trail
• Boat docks
• Public art installations
PARK AND FEATURES
5. WEST PARK — 545 acres
September 11 programs + lightly-programmed natural
areas
• September 11 earthwork monument to the recovery
effort
• West Mound natural areas with light trail network
• Arthur Kill promenade and picnic areas with fi shing
piers
• DSNY and park infrastructure + management
facilities
HABITAT AND LANDSCAPE
PLAN

The landscape and habitat plan has five main goals:

• Cultivate a diverse, resilient landscape that is a natural asset to the region in
terms of ecological connectivity, water and air quality improvement,
biodiversity and sustainability;
• Create meaningful habitat for the region and the estuary by building wildlife
corridors linked to existing natural resources, taking into account not only
plant life but also bird, mammal, fish, crustacean, insect and microbial
communities;
• Organize the park internally around existing natural resources and local
opportunities for enhanced habitat creation;
• Design and stage ecological improvements so that the parkland can be
understood and enjoyed in each phase of its development as a legible
“landscape in process,” designed to promote successional diversify cation over
time;
• Integrate ecological improvement plans with ongoing landfill management
operations to increase benefits, reduce public expenditure and enhance site
sustainability.
CONCLUSION

The park will be three times the size of Central Park.

Fresh kills Park will have five main areas: the Confluence,
North Park, South Park, East Park and West Park. Each of
these areas will have unique characteristics.
Some of the fun and adventurous activities offered in the
park will include horseback riding, mountain biking, nature
trails, kayaking, and large–scale public art.
Fresh kills Park will also support richly diverse habitats for
wildlife, birds and plant communities.
Settings of immense recreation will allow for some of the
best camping sites in all of New York.
THANK YOU