Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 3
Chapter 3
Current into the port must be equal to current out of the port
OR
• The parameters a, b, c, and d are called the inverse transmission,
or t, parameters and they are determined as follows:
a = Open-circuit voltage gain
In matrix form:
The values of the h- parameters are determined as follows:
6) Inverse Hybrid (g-parameters)
A set of parameters closely related to the h parameters
are the g parameters or inverse hybrid parameters. These
are used to describe the terminal currents and voltages.
The dependent variables are I1 & V2 and given as follows
The values of the g- parameters are determined by
opening the o/p port ( I2 =0) and shorting the i/p
port (V1 = 0) as follows:
𝑉2 = 54 𝑖1 + 56 𝑖2 ...................................5
Comparing eqns (4&5) with -Z- parameter equations we have:
11 4
5
5 Final answer
4
6
5
Exercise 1 Find open circuit parameters for the circuit shown below:
5
Given the following circuit. Determine the Z parameters.
Exercise 2
Example 3: Test the results for a two port network having the following data:
𝐼1 = 0.10𝑜A
𝐼2 = 0.10𝑜A
𝑣1 = 5.250𝑜v
𝑣1 = 3.1 −80𝑜 v
𝑣2 = 4.1 −25𝑜 v
𝑣2 = 4.260𝑜v
𝐼1 = 𝑣1 𝑣2 𝑣2 = 𝑣1 𝑣2 ...................v
2 + 4 - 2 2 - 4
−𝑣1 5𝑣2
𝐼2 = 3 2 1 𝑉1 𝑣 2 = + ...........vi
4 𝑣 -2 2 + 4 4 8
Example 1 : Find hybrid parameters for the circuit shown below and comment on
symmetry and reciprocity of circuit
Solution: Apply KVL to each loop
𝑣1 = 𝑣1 = 24mV
10mV 𝐼1 = 20𝜇A
𝐼1= 10𝜇A 𝐼2 = 1mA
Find
𝑣2=the h-parameters of the network
-40V
Solution:
𝑣1 = ℎ11𝐼1 + ℎ12𝑣2......................i
𝐼2 = ℎ21𝐼1 + ℎ22𝑣2 .....................ii
From Short-circuit test (i.e 𝑣2 = 0)
= 1.2𝑘Ω 5 ∗ 10−5
50 12.5𝜇𝑆
Exercise1: In the two port network shown below, compute the h
parameters having the following data:
75
𝑔12 = 50 = 1.5
cont’d...
Exercise determine the -g- parameters in the s
domain for the network below.
Cont’d...
Example 1 : Find transmission parameters for the
circuit shown below and comment on symmetry
and reciprocity of circuit.
𝑔11ℎ22 − 𝑔12ℎ21 = 1 = ∆𝑔
Relation ships among two port networks
OR
This means:
=
Where,
Equating like
terms from the
Cont’d....
....
....
..i
Also, from h –parameters we have:
cont’d....
• The final answer is :
This means:
General Conversion of two port parameters
Solution
Inter-connection of two port networks
• A large, complex network may be divided into sub-
networks for the purposes of analysis and design.
i.e.
Parallel-parallel connection
• When two-ports are connected in a parallel-parallel
configuration, the best choice of two port parameter is
the y-parameters.
i.e.
Series- parallel connection
• Two -port networks with input ports connected in series
and output ports connected in parallel.
i.e.
parallel-series connection
• Two -port networks with input ports connected
in parallel and output ports connected in series.
..............1
................2
..................3
• Re-arranging the equations (1,2 &3) we have:
.............4
.The final expression becomes:
i.e.
polynomials.
The poles and zeros are simple and lie on the j𝜔
axis
The poles and zeros interlace on the j𝜔 axis.
Cont’d....
There must be either a zero or a pole at the
origin and infinity.
The highest powers of the numerator and
denominator must differ by unity; the lowest
powers also differ by unity.
They have same property.
Cont’d....
• The partial fraction expansion of L-C immitance
is expressed as follows:
........i
𝑘𝑜 1
• then the term 𝑠 represents a capacitor of 𝑘𝑜
farads.
• the K(infinite)s is an inductance of K(infinite)
henrys.
2𝑘𝑖
• The term is a parallel tank circuit that
𝑠 2𝑠+𝜔𝑖 2
1
consists of a capacitor of farads in parallel
2𝑘𝑖
2𝑘𝑖
with an inductor of henrys.
𝜔𝑖 2
Cont’d....
• The values of inductors and capacitors are put
on the network as follows:
cont’d...
If Z(s) is an admittance(𝑦𝑙𝑐(𝑠)):
𝑘𝑜 1
• then the term 𝑠 represents an inductor of 𝑘𝑜
henrys.
• the K(infinite)s is a capacitance of K(infinite)
farads.
2𝑘𝑖
• The term is transformed in to a series
𝑠 2𝑠+𝜔𝑖 2
1
circuit that consists of an inductor of henrys
2𝑘𝑖
2𝑘𝑖
in series with a capacitor of farads.
𝜔𝑖 2
Example 1
𝑠(𝑠2 +2)(𝑠 2 +4)
• Synthsis the function 𝑧𝑙𝑐(𝑠) =
(𝑠2+1)(𝑠2+3)
Quotient
Decomposing the function and determining the constants:
𝐴𝑠+𝐵 𝐶𝑠+𝐷
𝑧𝑙𝑐 (𝑠 = + = 2𝑠3 + 5𝑠
𝑠 2 +1 𝑠 2 +3
)
3 1
Solving this: A =2 ,B=D=0,C =2
Cont’d....
Now, the function becomes:
3𝑠 1𝑠
𝑧 𝑙𝑐 𝑠 = s + 𝑠 2 +1
2 + 𝑠 22+3 ....................i
• The values of the elements are given as follows:
k∞ =
1H co = series connection
0F
L1 = 32 H
L2 = 16 H parallel connection
𝟐
C1 = 𝟑 F
C2 = 2F
Cont’d..
.
If the function is an admittance(𝑦 𝑙𝑐(𝑠)):
k∞ = 1F Parallel connection Lo
= 0H
L1 = 2
3H
𝟑
C1 = F series connection
𝟐
L2 = 2H
C2 = 61 H F
Exercise: Synthesis the ff L-C immitance functions:
2(𝑠2+1)(𝑠2+9)
i). Y(s) =
𝑠(𝑠2 +4)
𝑘𝑜
𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘𝑛
F(s) = + k∞ + +............+ .....i
𝑠 𝑠+𝜎1 𝑠+𝜎2 𝑠+𝜎 𝑛
+
R2 = 𝐾2 H ....
𝜎2
Cont’d....
ZRC(s)
Cont’d..
. (i) is an admittance, yRL(s):
If the above expression
1
R𝑜 = Ω
𝑘∞
1
Lo = F parallel circuit
𝑘
𝑜
L1 = 𝑘1 H
11
L2 = H ......
𝑘2
𝜎1
R1 = series circuit
𝑘1
𝜎2
R2 =
𝑘2
Ω .......
Cont’d..
• The network in-terms.of R-L admittance becomes:
4(𝑠+1)(𝑠+3)
Example: Synthsis the function 𝑧𝑅𝑐(𝑠) = 𝑠(𝑠+2
)
Solution: obtain the constants/residues
Cont’d....
• Using the partial fraction expansion:
8𝑠+12 𝐴 𝐵
=4+ + =
𝑧𝑅𝑐(𝑠) = 4+ 𝑠(𝑠+2) 𝑠
8s+12
𝑠+2
Solving for the constants:
A
=6,B=2
Now, the function becomes:
6 2
𝑧𝑅𝑐 (𝑠 = 4 +
𝑠 𝑠+2
) +
R2 = 1 .........
𝐾2
𝑘1
c1 = H series circuit
𝑝1
𝑘2
c2 = H .........
𝑝2
2(𝑠+1)(𝑠+3)
Example: let ZRL(s) = then, synthesis
(𝑠+2)(𝑠+6)
the function.