ARDUINO

Why Arduino is required?

• Arduino is a micro-controller
• Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use
hardware and software.
• It can be programmed to control the way buttons, motors, switches,
lights, and other electronic parts work together.
• It can be plugged into your computer.
• You can write a program on the computer and send it to the Arduino.
• Unlike most previous programmable circuit boards, the Arduino does
not need a separate piece of hardware (called a programmer) in order
to load new code onto the board -- you can simply use a USB cable
Different types of arduino
Arduino IDE
• The Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is used to
write the computer code and upload this code to the physical board.
• The Arduino IDE is very simple and this simplicity is probably one of
the main reason Arduino became so popular.
• We can certainly state that being compatible with the Arduino IDE is
now one of the main requirements for a new microcontroller board.
• Over the years, many useful features have been added to the Arduino
IDE and you can now managed third-party libraries and boards from
the IDE, and still keep the simplicity of programming the board.
Arduino uno

The Uno is one of the

more popular boards in
the arduino family and a
great choice for beginners
Major components of Arduino UNO
 Microcontrollers
• Atmega328P is pre-programmed with bootloader. This allows you to
directly upload a new Arduino program into the device, without using any
external hardware programmer, making the Arduino UNO board easy to
use
• ATmega328P (used on most recent boards)
• DC Current per I/O Pin: 40 mA
• Flash Memory: 32 KB
• SRAM: 2 KB
• EEPROM: 1 KB
• ATmega168 (used on most Arduino Diecimila and early Duemilanove)
• DC Current per I/O Pin: 40 mA
• Flash Memory 16 KB:
• SRAM: 1 KB
• EEPROM: 512 bytes
 Analog pins
The Arduino UNO board has 6 analog input pins, labeled
"Analog 0 to 5."
These pins can read the signal from an analog sensor such as a
temperature sensor and convert it into a digital value for system
understanding
These pins just measure voltage and not the current because they
have very high internal resistance. Hence, only a small amount
of current flows through these pins
Although these pins are labeled analog and are analog input by
default, these pins can also be used for digital input or output
 Digital Pins
• Digital pins are labeled “Digital 0 to 13”.
• These pins can be used as either input or output
pins.
• When used as output, these pins act as a power
supply source for the components connected to it
• when used as input pins, they read the signals
from the component connected to them.
• When digital pins are used as output pins, they
supply 40 milliamps of current at 5 volts, which is
more than enough to light a LED.
Digital Pins
Pulse Width Modulation
• Pulse Width Modulation is a technique to get variable voltage in terms
of Digital Input. PWM device generates ON and OFF pulses according
to the control signal, which determines the desired voltage level
• Arduino does not have a dedicated Digital to Analog converter.
• But It can emulate analog signals using the PWM technique. In
PWM, the digital input is converted into a Digital pulse.
• The Analog voltage output can be calculated by using Digital input.
The Arduino can write 0 to 5V in terms of digital input range 0 to 255.
• Analog output voltage = ( Digital Input / Resolution ) * Amplitude of
the pulse
• Arduino Unohas 6 PWM pins that are 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. These pins are
marked with the negation sign ~
Digital I/O
pinMode()
Configures the specified pin to behave either as an input or an output
pinMode(pin, mode)
ex: pinMode(13, OUTPUT)
• digitalWrite()
Write a HIGH or a LOW value to a digital pin.
digitalWrite(pin, value)
digitalWrite(13, HIGH)
• digitalRead()
Reads the value from a specified digital pin, either HIGH or LOW.
digitalRead(pin)
USB Connector
• This is a printer USB port used to load a program from the arduino IDE onto
the Arduino board
• The board can also be powered throughout this port
Power Port
• The Arduino board can be powered through a AC-to-DC adapter or a battery
• The power source can be connected by plugging ina 2.1mm center-positive
plug into the power jack of the board
• The Arduino UNO board operates at a voltage of 5 volts,but it can withstand a
maximum voltage of 20 volts
• If the board is supplied with a higher voltage, there is a voltage regulator (it
sits between the power port and USB connector) that protects the board from
burning
Reset switch
• When this switch is clicked, it sends a logical pulse to the reset pin of
the Microcontroller, and now runs the program again from the start
• This can be very useful if your code doesn't repeat, and you want to
test it multiple times
Crystal Oscillator
• This is a quartz crystal oscillator which ticks 16 million times a
second. On each tick, the microcontroller performs one operation, for
example, addition, subtraction, etc
USB interface chip
• Think of this as a signal translator. It converts signals in the USB level
to a level that an Arduino UNO board understands
Protocols for device communication
• These three protocols, UART, SPI, and I2C, differ in their
implementation, but ultimately serve the same purpose: transferring
data at high speeds to any compatible device.
1. UART Communication Protocol
• UART is a form of serial communication because data is transmitted
as sequential bits.
• In the Arduino platform, users can use the Serial and SoftwareSerial
libraries to implement UART communication for their projects.
2. SPI Communication Protocol
SPI is different from UART in several key ways:
• Synchronous
• Follows a master-slave model, where there is one master device and
multiple slave devices
• More than two lines required for implementation
• The SPI digital pin connections for SCK, MOSI, and MISO are
predefined on Arduino boards
• 3. I2C Communication Protocol
• At the hardware level, I2C is a two-wire interface—the only two wires
required for an I2C connection are a data line (called SDA) and a clock
line (called SCL).