PARABLE

• It is a short and simple story that teaches

a religious or moral lesson as told by
Jesus in the Gospels.
• The parable of the Good Samaritan and
the parable of the Prodigal Son are just
two examples of the
many parables attributed to Jesus, as
recorded in the four gospels.
 FIGURES
OF SPEECH
 Metaphor
• It is an implicit comparison of one thing to another
without the use of a commonly known sign or
equation.
• It is a direct comparison between two things that
are generally not related or similar, but share a
specific quality or characteristic that is emphasized
through the comparison.
• A subcategory of metaphors is "personification,"
attributing a human characteristic—or emotion— to
an animal, object, or concept.
 EXAMPLE OF METAPHORE
• Stone is cold and hard.
• God is a DJ, life is a dance floor, love is a rhythm.
• My thoughts are stars I cannot fathom into
constellations.
• Memories are bullets. Some whiz by and only
spook you. Others tear you open and leave you
in pieces.
• He’s just blowing off steam.
• She’s a cheetah!
 Simile
• It is a literary term where you
use “like” or “as” to compare two
different things and show a common
quality between them.
• Common similes include the descriptive
phrases “cool as a cucumber,” “cold as
ice,” and “sly like a fox.”
 EXAMPLE OF SIMILE
• As black as coal.
• You are as sweet as honey.
• Eat like a pig
• High as a kite
• Fresh as a daisy
• The kingdom of heaven is like
treasure hidden in a field.
 Allegory
• The Oxford English Dictionary
defines “allegory” as a “story, picture, or
other piece of art that uses symbols to
convey a hidden or ulterior meaning,
typically a moral or political one.”
• It is a narrative story that conveys a
complex, abstract, or difficult message.
• It achieves this through storytelling.
 Archetype
• It is a collectively inherited unconscious idea,
pattern of thought, image, etc., a model or first
form.
• These are settings, characters, images, or story
patterns that repeat across various cultures
and are universally understood.
• It is a literary device in which a character is
created based on a set of qualities or traits
that are specific and identifiable for readers.
 The Function of Archetypes
• When literature includes various archetypes, it
allows for a universal understanding of the
story and for people of various cultures to
relate to the archetypal figures by the author.
• They also allow for a strong emotional
response from the readers due to the deep
subconscious connection society has with
these symbols.
Character
Archetypes
 Hero
• The hero is defined as the character, usually
the protagonist, who displays such positive
characteristics as honesty and innate
goodness.
• The protagonist who rises to meet a challenge
and saves the day.
• The hero often must overcome evil in order to
bring order back to society.
•Strengths: courage, perseverance,
honor
•Weaknesses: overconfidence, hubris
•Hero Archetype Examples: Achilles
(The Iliad), Luke Skywalker (Star
Wars), Wonder Woman (Wonder
Woman), Harry Potter (Harry Potter
and the Sorcerer’s Stone)
 Mentor
•The mentor is the character
who during the hero’s
journey against evil
provides guidance and aid
to the hero.
 Magician
• A powerful figure who has harnessed the
ways of the universe to achieve key goals.
• Strengths: omniscience, omnipotence, discipline
• Weaknesses: corruptibility, arrogance
• Magician Archetype Examples: Prospero (The
Tempest), Gandalf (The Lord of the Rings),
Morpheus (The Matrix), Darth Vader (Star
Wars)
 Scapegoat
•The scapegoat is a character
that during the course of the
story accepts blame for all
of the unfortunate events
that occur.
 Villain
•The villain is a type of
antagonist that is cruel or evil
and goes to great extents to
continue the injustice that the
hero is fighting against in the
story.
 Outlaw
• The rebel who won’t abide by society’s
demands.
• Strengths: independent thinking, virtue, owes
no favors
• Weaknesses: self-involved, potentially criminal
• Outlaw Archetype Examples: Han Solo (Star
Wars), Dean Moriarty (On the Road), Humbert
Humbert (Lolita), Batman (The Dark Knight)
 Explorer
• A character naturally driven to push the boundaries
of the status quo and explore the unknown.
• Strengths: curious, driven, motivated by self-
improvement
• Weaknesses: restless, unreliable, never satisfied
• Explorer Archetype Examples: Odysseus (The
Odyssey), Sal Paradise (On the Road), Huckleberry
Finn (The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn), Sherlock
Holmes (Sherlock Holmes)
 Sage
• A wise figure with knowledge for those who
inquire.
• Strengths: wisdom, experience, insight
• Weaknesses: cautious, hesitant to actually join
the action
• Famous sages: Athena (The Odyssey), Obi-Wan
Kenobi (Star Wars), Hannibal Lecter (The Silence
of the Lambs), The Oracle (The Matrix)
 Innocent
• A morally pure character, often a child, whose
only intentions are good.
• Strengths: morality, kindness, sincerity
• Weaknesses: vulnerable, naive, rarely skilled
• Innocent Archetype Examples: Tiny Tim (A
Christmas Carol), Lennie Small (Of Mice and
Men), Cio-Cio-san (Madame Butterfly), Buddy
the Elf (Elf)
 Creator
• A motivated visionary who creates art or structures
during the narrative.
• Strengths: creativity, willpower, conviction
• Weaknesses: self-involvement, single-mindedness,
lack of practical skills
• Creator Archetype Examples: Zeus (The Iliad), Dr.
Emmett Brown (Back to the Future), Dr. Moreau (The
Island of Dr. Moreau), Dr. Victor Frankenstein
(Frankenstein)
 Ruler
• A character with legal or emotional power over
others.
• Strengths: omnipotence, status, resources
• Weaknesses: aloofness, disliked by others, out
of touch
• Ruler Archetype Examples: Creon (Oedipus Rex),
King Lear (King Lear), Aunt Sally (The
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn), Tony Soprano
(The Sopranos)
 Lover
• The lover is an archetype that goes to
great lengths to experience love.
• The romantic lead who’s guided by the
heart.
• While the lover is typically in search for
romantic love, it could described the
search of any sort of loving relationship
such as friendship or spiritual.
•Strengths: humanism, passion,
conviction
•Weaknesses: naivete, irrationality
•Lover Archetype Examples: Romeo
and Juliet (Romeo and Juliet), Noah
Calhoun (The Notebook), Scarlett
O’Hara (Gone With the Wind), Belle
(Beauty and the Beast)
 Caregiver
• A character who continually supports others and
makes sacrifices on their behalf.
• Strengths: honorable, selfless, loyal
• Weaknesses: lacking personal ambition or
leadership
• Caregiver Archetype Examples: Dolly Oblonsky
(Anna Karenina), Calpurnia (To Kill a Mockingbird),
Samwell Tarly (The Game of Thrones series), Mary
Poppins (Mary Poppins)
 Everyman
• A relatable character who feels recognizable
from daily life.
• Strengths: grounded, salt-of-the-earth, relatable
• Weaknesses: lacking special powers, often
unprepared for what’s to come
• Everyman Archetype Examples: Bilbo Baggins
(The Hobbit), Leopold Bloom (Ulysses), Leslie
Knope (Parks & Recreation), Winston Smith
(1984)
 Jester
• A funny character or trickster who provides
comic relief, but may also speak important truths.
• Strengths: funny, disarming, insightful
• Weaknesses: can be obnoxious and superficial
• Jester Archetype Examples: Sir John Falstaff
(Henry V), King Lear’s Fool (King Lear), Frank and
Estelle Costanza (Seinfeld), R2D2 and C-3PO (Star
Wars)
 Situation
Archetypes
• Battle of Good and Evil - Good ultimately
triumphs
• Death and Rebirth - Shows the circle of life
• Innate Wisdom vs. Educated Stupidity - A
character will have intuition and knowledge
that is better than those in charge
• The Initiation - A character matures and
takes responsibility
• The Hero’s Journey - The hero confronts
trials along the way
• The Magic Weapon - The hero has the ability to
use this to be successful in the quest or to prove
he or she is the chosen one
• Rags to Riches - A character rises from poor luck
or station to a higher one
• Riches to Rags - A character falls from their
station
• Nature vs. Mechanistic World - This has nature as
being good and technology as bad
• The Quest - The search for someone or something
• The Task - Something that must be done
 Setting
Archetypes
• The Garden - Symbolizes love and fertility
• The Forest - Can be a wild place with dangers and beasts; it can
also be a place to reconnect with nature
• The River - Water symbolizes life, and the river can show life's
journey or boundaries
• The Sea - Can be both good and evil, with dangers and treasures.
It can also show infinity
• The Island - Symbolizes isolation
• The Mountain - Climbing up can represent a spiritual journey
• The Wasteland - A place for cleansing and finding inner strength
• The Tower - Represents worship or power
• The Small Town - This is where everyone knows everyone and
judges them, so it represents intolerance
Symbolic
Archetypes
 • Light - Hope or renewal • Three - Trinity; mind, body,
• Dark - Despair or ignorance spirit
• Water - Birth and life • Four - Seasons, elements
• Haven - Safety • Square - Stability
• Wilderness - Danger • Circle - Heaven, perfection,
eternity
• Fire - Knowledge, rebirth
• Spiral - Cosmic motion, growth
• Ice - Death, ignorance
• Clouds - Mystery
• Black - Evil, mystery
• Rain - Change
• Red - Passion, blood
• Lightning - Inspiration
• Green - The earth, growth
• Hourglass - Time passing
• White - Purity, peace,
innocence • Heart - Love
 Myth
•It is a traditional or legendary
story usually concerning some
being or hero or event with or
without determinable basis of
fact or a natural explanation.