EIA chapt-7 ppt.

d So c i a l
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En e s s m e nt
a c t s A ss
Imp
EIA LECTURE NOTE For CIVIL 5th

23/2024
Environmental Impact Assessment
EIA is a systematic process to
• identify
• predict and
• evaluate the environmental effects of
proposed actions and projects.
23/2024 EIA LECTURE NOTE For CIVIL 5th

Aims and objectives of EIA
 The immediate aim of EIA is to inform the process of
decision-making by identifying the potentially significant
environmental effects and risks of development
proposals.
 The ultimate (long term) aim of EIA is to promote

sustainable development by ensuring that development
proposals do not undermine critical resource and
ecological functions or the well being, lifestyle and
livelihood of the communities and peoples who depend
on them
Typology of environmental impacts
Category of Impacts Types of Impacts
biophysical, social, health or

Type
economic
Nature direct or indirect, cumulative, etc.
Magnitude or severity high, moderate, low
local, regional, transboundary or
Extent
global
Timing immediate/long term
Duration temporary/permanent
Uncertainty low likelihood/high probability
Reversibility reversible/irreversible
Significance unimportant/important
Core values of EIA
EIA process is based on the following three core values
 Integrity: the EIA process should meet internationally
accepted requirements and standards of practice;
 Utility: the EIA process should provide sufficient and relevant
the information for decision-making; and
 Sustainability: the EIA process should result in the
implementation of environmental safeguards which are
sufficient to mitigate serious adverse effects and avoid
irreversible loss of resource and ecosystem functions
Steps of EIA Process
• Step-1 proposal identification
• Step-2 screening
• Step-3 scoping
• Step-4 Impact analysis
• Step-5 Mitigation and impact management
• Step-6 EIA report
• Step-7 EIA review
• Step-8 Decision making and Approval
• Step-9 Implementation and follow up
Public involvement
PI is a valuable source of information on key
impacts, potential mitigation measures and the
identification and selection of alternatives.
It is a fundamental principle of the EIA process
It also ensures the EIA process is open,

transparent and forceful.

Cont. ..
 Public involvement includes:
-public consultation and
- public participation,
 Most EIA processes are undertaken through consultation

rather than participation
 At a minimum, public involvement must provide an

opportunity for PAPs(People Affected by Project) to
express their views regarding the proposal and its
environmental and social impacts
Cont. ..
Five main steps at which public involvement can
occur in the EIA process are:
 screening,
 scoping,
Impact analysis &mitigation,
 review of EIA quality and
 Implementation and follow up.
In many EIA systems, PI centers on the scoping
and review stages.

… Public involvement
 The purpose of public involvement is to:
 inform the stakeholders about the proposal and its likely effects;
 investigate their inputs, views and concerns; and
 Take account of the information and views of the public in the EIA and
decision making
 The key objectives of public involvement are to:

 obtain local and traditional knowledge that may be useful for decision-
making;
 facilitate consideration of alternatives, mitigation measures and tradeoffs;
 ensure that important impacts are not overlooked and benefits are
maximized;
Levels and forms of public involvement
Level Form of involvement
Adapted from Bass et al (1995)
Informing One way flow of information from the proponent to the public
Two way flow of information between the proponent and the public
Consulting
with opportunities for the public to express views on the proposal
Interactive exchange between the proponent and the public

Participating encompassing shared analysis and agenda setting and the development
of understood and agreed positions on the proposal and its impacts
Face to face discussion between the proponent and key stakeholders to

build consensus and reach a mutually acceptable resolution of issues,
Negotiating
for example on a package of impact mitigation and compensation
measures. It is alternative dispute resolution (ADR) mechanism
…cont’d
 Key principles for public involvement, which are widely agreed,

are outlined as:
inclusive – covers all stakeholders;
open & transparent – steps and activities are understood;
relevant – focused on the issues that matter;
fair – conducted impartially and without bias toward any
stakeholder;
responsive – to stakeholder requirements and inputs; and
Credible – builds confidence and trust

Proposal Identification
Identifying the over all information of the project.
It answers the question like:
• what kinds of action is proposed
• Where and when the project will be
undertaken

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Screening
• Its purpose is to decide whether or
not a proposal should be subject to
the EIA process and, if so, at what
level of detail.

Outcomes of Screening
 The screening process can have one of the following
four outcomes:
no further level of EIA is required;
a full and comprehensive EIA is required;
a more limited/partial EIA is required (often
called preliminary or initial assessment); or
Further study is necessary to determine the level
of EIA required (often called an initial
23/2024 environmental evaluation
EIA LECTURE NOTE For CIVIL 5th or examination [IEE])
Project lists for screening
World Bank classified proposals into one of three categories (A,B,C):
 projects requiring a full EIA because of their

likely environmental effects category A;
 projects not requiring a full EIA but warranting a further level
of assessment  category B ; and
 Projects not requiring further environmental analysis (for
example health and nutrition, institutional and human
resource development and technical assistance) 
category C
o p i n g
sc

scoping
• Scoping refers to the early, open &

interactive process of determining the major
issues and impacts that will be important in
decision-making on the proposal, & need to be
addressed in an EIA.

Cont. ..
• scoping begins after the completion of the

screening process.
• Scoping is completed by preparing ToR
(Term of Reference).
• ToR provides guidance to the proponent on
how the study should be conducted and
managed.

Cont. ..
Key objectives of scoping are to:
inform the public about the proposal;
 identify the main stakeholders & their concerns
and values;
 define the reasonable and practical alternatives
to the proposal;
 focus the important issues and significant
impacts to be addressed by an EIA;
Public involvement in Scoping
 The following public involvement methods are used

in conducting scoping:
 notification/invitation for public comment and
written submissions;
 consultation with the various stakeholders;
 public and community meetings; and
 Issues workshops and facilitated discussion
 By involving the public, scoping helps to build

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Environmental Impacts/effects
• It is change in an environmental parameter, which

results from a particular activity or intervention
• Impacts of the action can take place on:
 human health and safety;
 soil, water, air, climate and landscape;
 use of land, natural resources and raw materials;
 protected areas and designated sites of scientific,

historical and cultural significance;
 heritage, recreation and amenity assets; and
23/2024  livelihood, lifestyle
EIA LECTURE NOTEand
For CIVILwell
5th being of PAPs
Impact Analysis
• Impact Identification
• Impact Analysis and
• Impact Prediction

Impact Identification
• A logical and systematic approach needs to be
taken to identify impacts by taking account of
all of the environmental impacts and
interactions including indirect and cumulative
effects.
• This process begins during screening and
continues through scoping, which identifies the
key issues and classifies them into impact
categories for further study.

Impact Analysis/Prediction
• Impact Analysis: is the process of utilizing
physical, biological, socio-economic and
cultural data of impact.
• Impact Prediction: is the process of
estimating the characteristics and potential
size of impacts.

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Mitigation
It is the process of finding the best ways and
means of avoiding, minimizing and remedying
impacts.
The purpose of mitigation is to identify
measures that safeguard the environment and
the community affected by the proposal
Mitigation is both a creative and practical
phase of the EIA process
Cont. ..
 In general, the objectives of mitigation are to:
find better alternatives and ways of doing
things;
enhance the environmental and social benefits of
a proposal;
avoid, minimize or remedy adverse impacts; and
Ensure that residual adverse impacts are kept
within acceptable levels
…mitigation
 Mitigation can be carried out by:

structural measures, such as design or location
changes, engineering modifications and landscape
or site treatment; and
Non-structural measures, such as economic
incentives, legal, institutional and policy
instruments, provision of community services and
training and capacity building.

Main Elements of Mitigation
1.Impact avoidance:
2.Impact minimization
3.Impact compensation

Impact avoidance:
 This step is most effective when applied at an early stage of
project planning
 It can be achieved by:
not undertaking certain projects or elements that could
result in adverse impacts;
avoiding areas that are environmentally sensitive; and
Putting in place preventative measures to stop adverse
impacts from occurring, for example, release of water
from a reservoir to maintain a fisheries regime

Impact minimization
 This step is usually taken during impact identification
and prediction to limit or reduce the degree, extent,
magnitude, or duration of adverse impacts.
scaling down or relocating the proposal;
redesigning elements of the project; and
taking supplementary measures to manage the
impacts
Impact compensation
 This step is usually applied to remedy unavoidable residual
adverse impacts
 rehabilitation of the affected site or environment, for
example, by habitat enhancement and restocking fish;
 restoration of the affected site or environment to its
previous state or better, as typically required for mine
sites, forestry roads and seismic lines; and
 Replacement of the same resource values at another
location,
Impact management
• Translation of mitigation measure into action in
the correct way and at the right time if they are
to be successful.
 The objectives of impact management are to:
 ensure that mitigation measures are implemented;
 establish systems and procedures for this purpose;
 monitor the effectiveness of mitigation measures;

and
 Take any necessary action when unforeseen
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E I A

EIA Reporting
• It is a report that provide a coherent statement
of the potential impacts of a proposal and the
measures that can be taken to reduce and
remedy them.
Who is responsible to prepare EIA Report?

Usually, the proponent is responsible for the
preparation of the EIA report.

Cont. ..
EIA report contains essential information for:
 the proponent to implement the proposal in an
environmentally and socially responsible way;
 the responsible authority to make an informed
decision on the proposal, including the terms and
conditions that must be attached to an approval or
authorization; and
 The public to understand the proposal and its likely

Aims of Successful EIA report
 A successful EIA report that meets these aims will be:
 actionable a document that can be applied by the
proponent to achieve environmentally sound planning and
design;
 decision-relevant a document that organizes and presents
the information necessary for project authorization and, if
applicable, permitting and licensing; and
 User-friendly a document that communicates the
technical issues to all parties in a clear and
comprehensible way
Typical Elements of an EIA Report
 An EIA report typically includes many or all of the following
headings & items:
 executive or non-technical summary (which may be used as
a public communication document);
 statement of the need for, and objectives of the proposal;
 reference to applicable legislative, regulatory and policy
frameworks;
 description of the proposal and how it will be implemented
23/2024 (construction, operation and

EIA LECTURE NOTE For decommissioning)
CIVIL 5th
…elements of EIA report
 comparison of the proposal and the alternatives to it (including the no
action alternative);
 description of the project setting, including the relationship to other
proposals, current land-uses and relevant policies&plans for the area;
 description of baseline conditions and trends (biophysical,
socioeconomic etc), identifying any changes anticipated prior to project
implementation;
 review of the public consultation process, the views and concerns
expressed by stakeholders and the way these have been taken into
account;
23/2024
…elements of EIA Report
 consideration of the main impacts (positive and adverse) that are identified as
likely to result from the proposal, their predicted characteristics (e.g. magnitude,
occurrence, timing, etc.) proposed mitigation measures, the residual effects and
any uncertainties and limitations of data and analysis;
 evaluation of the significance of the residual impacts, preferably for each
alternative, with an identification of the best practicable environmental option;
 an environmental management plan that identifies how proposed mitigation and
monitoring measures will be translated into specific actions as part of impact
management; and
 Appendices containing supporting technical information, description of methods
used to collect and analyze data, list of references, etc.

23/2024
v i e w
R e
E I A

Review of EIA Quality
• It is a final check on the quality of the EIA
report by assuring the completeness and
quality of the information gathered in an
EIA.
 Key objectives of EIA review are to:
 assess the adequacy and quality of an EIA report;
 take account of public comment;
 determine if the information is sufficient for a final
decision to be made;&
 Identify, as necessary, the deficiencies that must be
Main Steps in the EIA Review
 The review can be carried out in three steps:
Step 1: identifies the deficiencies in the EIA report, using the ToR, relevant
guidelines and criteria and information from any comparable EIA
reports and their reviews.
Step 2: focuses on any shortcomings in the EIA report and separate crucial
deficiencies, which may directly impede decision-making, from less
important ones. If no serious omissions are found, this should be stated
clearly. Remarks about less important deficiencies can be placed in an
appendix.
Step 3: recommends how, and when, any serious shortcomings are to be
remedied to facilitate informed decision-making and appropriate

measures for project implementation.
Types of review
 In general, these can be divided into two main types:
 internal review undertaken by the responsible

authority or other government agency, with or
without formal guidelines and procedure; and
 External review undertaken by an independent body,

separate from and/or outside government agencies,
with an open and transparent procedure for public
comment
Decision Making
• It is the final approval of a proposal by
choosing between alternative courses of
action.
• since EIA is an information gathering process,
which is intended to facilitate environmentally
sound decision-making involves weighing the
benefits and costs and making adjustments
among a range of considerations

Decision-Makers
• Who are Decision makers?
 For example, the construction of an electricity generating facility using funds loaned
by an international financial organization is likely to have the following decision-
makers:
 the international financial organization to ensure that the project
complies with its own EIA requirements, that environmental impacts will
be acceptable, so that any adverse criticism about the project will not
reflect badly on the organization;
 the government, or government representatives, such as ministers, who
are responsible for granting permission such as permission to conduct
land clearing, import foreign capital, or relocate people living on the site;
 The chief executive officer or manager of the business proposing to

Role of the Decision-Makers
 At a minimum, decision-makers need to understand:
 the basic concept and purpose of EIA (and SEA);
 EIA requirements, principles and guidelines that are applicable;
 the effectiveness of their implementation and the implications for
decision-making;
 limitations that may need to be placed on information and advice
contained in an EIA report;
 how EIA process and practice measure up to internationally accepted
standards and to those in place in comparable countries; and
 The issues associated with public consultation in decision-making,
including third party and legal challenges to the authorization of

23/2024
proposals subject toEIAEIA
LECTURE NOTE For CIVIL 5th
Responsibility of the Decision-Makers
 the decision-maker may have to:
meet no further requirements;
take account of information in the EIA report;
provide written reasons for the decision; or
act in accordance with recommendations of an EIA
review body, unless these are explicitly overturned

Outcomes of Decision-Making:
the proposal can be fully approved;
the proposal can be approved with conditions;
the proposal can be placed on hold pending
further investigation;
the proposal can be returned for revision and
resubmission; and
the proposal can be rejected outright.

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23/2024

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d So c i a l

EIA LECTURE NOTE For CIVIL 5th

23/2024 EIA LECTURE NOTE For CIVIL 5th

 The ultimate (long term) aim of EIA is to promote

Category of Impacts Types of Impacts

biophysical, social, health or

It is a fundamental principle of the EIA process

It also ensures the EIA process is open,

23/2024 EIA LECTURE NOTE For CIVIL 5th

-public consultation and

 Most EIA processes are undertaken through consultation

 At a minimum, public involvement must provide an

23/2024 EIA LECTURE NOTE For CIVIL 5th

 The purpose of public involvement is to:

 investigate their inputs, views and concerns; and

 The key objectives of public involvement are to:

 facilitate consideration of alternatives, mitigation measures and tradeoffs;

Level Form of involvement

Adapted from Bass et al (1995)

Interactive exchange between the proponent and the public

Face to face discussion between the proponent and key stakeholders to

 Key principles for public involvement, which are widely agreed,

23/2024 EIA LECTURE NOTE For CIVIL 5th

23/2024 EIA LECTURE NOTE For CIVIL 5th

23/2024 EIA LECTURE NOTE For CIVIL 5th

 projects requiring a full EIA because of their

23/2024 EIA LECTURE NOTE For CIVIL 5th

• Scoping refers to the early, open &

23/2024 EIA LECTURE NOTE For CIVIL 5th

• scoping begins after the completion of the

23/2024 EIA LECTURE NOTE For CIVIL 5th

 The following public involvement methods are used

 public and community meetings; and

 Issues workshops and facilitated discussion

 By involving the public, scoping helps to build

• It is change in an environmental parameter, which

 soil, water, air, climate and landscape;

 use of land, natural resources and raw materials;

 protected areas and designated sites of scientific,

23/2024 EIA LECTURE NOTE For CIVIL 5th

23/2024 EIA LECTURE NOTE For CIVIL 5th

23/2024 EIA LECTURE NOTE For CIVIL 5th

23/2024 EIA LECTURE NOTE For CIVIL 5th

 Mitigation can be carried out by:

23/2024 EIA LECTURE NOTE For CIVIL 5th

23/2024 EIA LECTURE NOTE For CIVIL 5th

23/2024 EIA LECTURE NOTE For CIVIL 5th

 ensure that mitigation measures are implemented;

 establish systems and procedures for this purpose;

 monitor the effectiveness of mitigation measures;

23/2024 EIA LECTURE NOTE For CIVIL 5th

Who is responsible to prepare EIA Report?

23/2024 EIA LECTURE NOTE For CIVIL 5th

EIA report contains essential information for:

 the proponent to implement the proposal in an

environmentally and socially responsible way;

 the responsible authority to make an informed

decision on the proposal, including the terms and

conditions that must be attached to an approval or

 The public to understand the proposal and its likely

 An EIA report typically includes many or all of the following

headings & items:

 executive or non-technical summary (which may be used as

a public communication document);