Mechanisms of

Change

General Biology
2
 Page 03 of 14

Microevolution
(evolution on a small scale) refers to the changes in allele
frequencies within a single population. Allele frequencies
in a population may change due to five fundamental
forces of evolution: natural selection, genetic drift,
mutations, artificial selection and recombination.
 Page 03 of 14 General Biology 2

Mutation
Mutation is a change in DNA, the
hereditary material of life. An
organism’s DNA affects how it
looks, how it behaves, and how it
functions. So a change in an
organism’s DNA can cause changes
in all aspects of its life.
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Genetic Drift
also known as allelic drift or the
Sewall Wright effect after biologist
Sewall Wright) is a change in the
frequency of a gene variant (allele)
in a population due to random
sampling of organisms.
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Genetic Drift
That is, the alleles in the offspring
are a random sample of those in the
parents. Genetic drift may cause
gene variants to disappear
completely, and thereby reduce
genetic variability.
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Genetic Drift
In contrast to natural selection,
which makes gene variants more
common or less common depending
on their reproductive success, the
changes due to genetic drift are not
driven by environmental or adaptive
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Genetic Drift
pressures, and may be beneficial,
neutral, or detrimental to
reproductive success.
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Natural Selection
Darwin’s grand idea of evolution by
natural selection is relatively simple
but often misunderstood. To find out
how it works, imagine a population
of beetles. There is variation in
traits.
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Natural Selection
Imagine that green beetles are easier
for birds to spot (and hence, eat).
Brown beetles are a little more likely
to survive to produce offspring.
They pass their genes for brown
coloration on to their offspring.
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Natural Selection
So, in the next generation, brown
beetles are more common than in the
previous generation
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Natural Selection
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Artificial Selection
Farmers and breeders allow only the
plants and animals with desirable
characteristics to reproduce, causing
the evolution of farm stock. This is
called artificial selection because
people (instead of nature) select which
organisms
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Artificial Selection
get to reproduce. It is the intentional
breeding of plants or animals. It means
the same thing as selective breeding.
Selective breeding is a technique used
when breeding domesticated animals,
such as dogs, pigeons or cattle.
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Artificial Selection
Some of these animals will have traits
that a breeder will want to preserve.
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Recombination
a process by which pieces of DNA
are broken and recombined to
produce new combinations of
alleles. This recombination process
creates genetic diversity at the level
of genes that reflects differences in
the
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Recombination
DNA sequences of different
organisms. Further, it is the
rearrangement of genetic material,
especially by crossing over in
chromosomes or by the artificial
joining of segments of DNA from
diff. organisms.
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All of these mechanisms can cause changes in the

frequencies of genes in populations, and so all of them are
mechanisms of evolutionary change. However, natural
selection and genetic drift cannot operate unless there is
genetic variation, that is, unless some individuals are
genetically different from others.
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Modes of Speciation
Speciation Speciation is the formation of new
and distinct species through
evolutionary process. There are
various modes of speciation:
allopatric, sympatric, parapatric,
and peripatric.
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w w w. r e a l l y g r e a t s i t e . c o m Page 10 of 14

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Page 13 of 14

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