CHAPTER II:

REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
Learning Competency
 Read and select relevant literature
(CS_RS11-IIIf-j-1)
 Cite related literature using standard style
(CS_RS11-IIIf-j-2)
 Synthesize information from relevant
literature (CS_RS11-IIIf-j-3)
 Writes coherent review of literature
(CS_RS11-IIIf-j-3)
Topics Covered:
Steps/Guides in Doing the
Literature Review
Some Requirement for the
Review
Presenting Reviewed Literature
APA Format: An official style of the American Psychological Association (APA) and is
commonly used to cite sources in psychology, education, and the social sciences

Plagiarism: The act of using another person’s words or ideas without giving credit to that
person (Merriam-Webster Dictionary)

Chronological Arrangement: A format used for the related studies section of the
literature review when the researcher wants to emphasize the development and progress
in a specific field of study.
 LITERATURE REVIEW
 A summary of studies related to a particular area of
research.
 It identifies and summarizes all the relevant research
conducted on a particular topic.
 The literature review surveys scholarly articles, books,
and other sources relevant to a particular area of
research.
 The review should enumerate, describe, summarize,
objectively evaluate, and clarify this previous research.
 The literature review acknowledges the work of previous
researchers, and in so doing, assures the reader that
your work has been well conceived.
 It is assumed that by mentioning a previous work in
the field of study, that the author has read, evaluated,
and assimilated that work into the work at hand.
 Steps/Guides in Doing the
Literature Review
Step 3:
Step 1: Step 2: Identify the Step 4:
Review APA Decide on a literature that Analyze the
guidelines topic you will literature
review

Step 6: Step 5:
Step 8: Step 7: Synthesize Summarize
Developing a Writing the the literature the literature
coherent review prior to in table or
essay writing your concept map
review format
Requirements for the Review
1. Introduce the literature review by pointing out the major
research topic that will be discussed

2. Identify the broad problem area but don’t be too global (for
example, discussing the history of education when the topic is on
specific instructional strategy)

3. Discuss the general importance of your topic for those in your

field.
Requirements for the Review
4. Don’t attempt to cover everything written on your topic

5. You will need to pick out the research most relevant to the topic
you are studying

6. You will use the studies in your literature review as “evidence”

that your research question is an important one topic for those in
your field
Requirements for the Review
7. It is important to cover research relevant to all the variables
being studied.

8. Research that explains the relationship between these

variables is a top priority.

9. You will need to plan how you will structure your literature
review and write from this plan.
Requirements for the Review
7. It is important to cover research relevant to all the variables
being studied.

8. Research that explains the relationship between these

variables is a top priority.

9. You will need to plan how you will structure your literature
review and write from this plan.
 Tips in Writing (RL)
 QUOTATIONS: Quotations should be extremely rare in scientific writing,
and should only be used if exact wording or terminology is needed.

 VOICE: AVOID 1ST PERSON

 Ex. Improper voice for academic writing: In this review, I will show
that the literature on treating juvenile murderers is sparse and suffers
from the same problems as the general literature. Unfortunately, I have
found that most of the treatment results are based on clinical case
reports of
 Ex. Suitable voice for academic writing: The literature on treating
juvenile murderers is sparse and suffers from the same problems as the
general literature Most of the treatment results are based on clinical
case reports
 Tips in Writing (RL)
 AVOID SLANG. USE PROFESSIONAL LANGUAGE:
 Conducted a study instead of did a study
 Examined instead of looked at
 Utilize instead of use (where appropriate)
 Great deal instead of a lot
 Furthermore instead of run-on sentences

 ORGANIZE THE PAPER BY TOPICS: Build paper with a clear thesis.

Good writing should provide clear and organized evidence for your
argument or theory.

 BE CONCISE: Delete unnecessary words, phrases, and sentences to

drastically improve your writing. Scientific writing is concise and to-the-
point.
Tips in Writing (RL)
 REVISE AND REWRITE: Good writing takes hard work.
Give yourself enough time to take a break from the
paper. Time away from the paper provides perspective
regarding organization and allows the opportunity to find
technical errors.

 CITATIONS: It is imperative that you use good citation

habits. It is plagiarism to use other writers words and
IDEAS.
Presenting Reviewed Literature
 Classify the presentation into the following:
Literature
 Studies

 Sub-classify into the following:

 Foreign literature, first discussed
 Local literature
 Foreign studies
 Local studies.
Presenting Reviewed Literature
 At the end of each section, do not forget to show how
the materials relate to your study, the differences as well
as the similarities between their work and yours.
 At the end of the chapter, state how the materials
reviewed contributed to the preparation of your
research.
 Minimum of 10 and maximum of 15 pages are required
in undergraduate theses
 Maximum of 20 pages for graduate studies.
Structure of a Literature Review
2. Literature Review
2.1 Introduction of Literature Review
2.2 Conceptual Literature
Concept 1
Concept 2
Concept 3
2.3 Related Studies
Study 1
Study 2
Study 3
2.4 Synthesis
2.5 Operational and/or Conceptual Framework
 2.1 Introduction of Literature Review
Provide an overview of what can be found in your literature review.
Example:
This section contains literature and studies on acquisition-learning
integration, the biological basis behind the separation of learning
and acquisition , comprehensible input, grammar, affective factor and
communicative competence. These materials were gathered from
books on language teaching, psychology and curriculum
development, journals and other periodicals, thesis and dissertations,
online sources, and other unpublished materials. These materials
provided the researcher with an exhaustive review of the topic and
the essential background knowledge to pursue this study
 2.2 Conceptual Literature
 Explains concepts relevant to the study.
 When writing conceptual literature, use
concepts from the title of the reference or
the specific questions and objectives of
your research.
 2.3 Related Studies
 Represents studies similar to your own.
 Arrange them in three ways: by theme,
by chronology, or by type. These three
ways of writing the related studies section
depend on the objectives and features of
your review.
Three Ways of Writing the Related
Studies Section :
Thematic Arrangement – if your intention is to make the
readers focus on how your study is similar to or different from
the previous ones

Chronological Arrangement – if you want to emphasize the

development and progress in a specific field of study

Typological Arrangement - if there are sufficient studies

conducted locally about the topic of your research
 2.4 Synthesis
 Reinforcement of research gap after
reviewing the available literature
 Relationship of literature review with
specific objectives or research
questions of your study.
 2.5 Operational and/or
Conceptual Framework
 Define important terms in your study
Operational Definition – a type of
definition specifically made for your study.
Conceptual Definition - definition of
term which is generally used in a specific
discipline.
 There are three basic methods of
referencing the author referred in your
paper. These are the APA (American
Psychological Association), MLA
(Modern Language Association), and
the Chicago Manual Style. In this
module, we will be focusing on the two
most commonly used styles of
referencing. Moreover, between the
two, APA is the most frequently used
within the social sciences in citing
various sources. The following table
shows examples of MLA and APA styles
of referencing:
Features in APA System MLA System
writing
Author’s name Carreon, J.B. Carreon, Janice B.
Title of Phenombased learning: Phenombased Learning: The
the the new approach New Approach; or
reading material Phenombased Learning: The
New Approach
Copyright date Carreon, J.B. 2019. Carreon, Janice B.
Phenombased learning: the Phenombased Learning: The New
new approach. EduTech Approach. EduTech
Journal. Wordstar Press Inc. Journal. Wordstar Press.2016.
Manila, Philippines Manila, Philippines
3. Citation, or In-text-citation. Referring author within the main body
of the text. Citations can be done by paraphrasing, summarizing, or
through quotations. It can be written in the beginning of a text,
between the text, or at the last part of the paragraph. Examples are
shown:

Sanchez (2015) found out building food systems that are more
sustainable, resilient, and responsive …

A study by Chojnacka (2012) revealed that extracts derived from

algae contain such components as polysaccharides.
 Format for Citing References

Author, A., & Author, B. (year). Title of book (edition if

not first). City: Publisher.

Book by a single author:

Leshin, C.B. (1997). Management on the World Wide
Web. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
 Format for Citing References

Author, A., & Author, B. (year). Title of book (edition if not

first). City: Publisher.

Book by more than one author

Cornett, M., Wiley, B.J., & Sankar, S. (1998). The
pleasures of nurturing (2nd ed). London: McMunster
Publishing.
 Format for Citing References
Journal Article
Author, A., & Author, B. (year). Title of article. Title of Journal,
volume number (issue number), page numbers.

Barry, H. (1996). Cross-cultural research with matched pairs

of societies. Journal of Social Psychology, 79 (1), 25-33.
Jeanquart, S., & Peluchette, J. (1997). Diversity in the
workforce and management models, Journal of Social Work
Studies, 43, 72-85.
 Format for Citing References

Referencing Electronic Sources

Author, A. (year, month day). Title of article. Title of
Newspaper. Retrieved from home page web
address

Nader, C. (2009, June 19). Mental health issues

soar among children. The Age. Retrieved from
http://www.theage.com.au
 Citation Guidelines
APA: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resources/560/01/
MLA: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resources/747/01
CMOS: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resources/717/01
References:
Hart, C. (1998) Doing a Literature Review. London:
SAGE
Ridley, D. (2008) The Literature Review: A Step-by-
Step Guide for Students. London: SAGE

http://www.duluth.umn.edu/~hrallis/guides/researchi
ng/litreview.html
 Activity 1. REFERENCING
Directions: The headings in each table are
examples of correct format of referencing. Fill
in the table with the data provided in the
headings as guide. Arrange the entries in
proper order, use appropriate format using
APA writing style (i.e. underline or italicize if
necessary).
Print Sources
Book (one author) Example: Simban, J.H. (2012). Essentials of
Hydroponics Farming. Cebu City, Philippines: Digital Books.

Author’s First Middle (Publication Book Place of Publisher

Last Initial Initial Date) Title Publication:
Name
Book (two to more than three authors) – print source

Example of two authors: Roble, M. J., & Johnson, L.

(2010). India (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Marshall.
Example of three authors: Carreon, A., Marcos, M., &
Genobaten, D. (2009). Work Under Pressure.
Chicago, IL: Wilcon Press.
Example of more than six authors: Benson, B.,
Aller, C., Camelot, D., David, E., Ebiola, F., Flores,
G., Harison, I. (1994). The World Beneath. Los
Angeles, USA: Paramoud Era Press.
Author First Mid Author First Mid Author First Mid Author First Mid
1’s Initi dle 2’s Initi dle 3’s Initi dle 4’s Initi dle
Last al Initi Last al Initi Last al Initi Last al Initi
Name al Name al Name al Name al
Author First Midd Author First Midd (Publicati Boo Place Publ
5’s Initi le 6’s Last Initi le on k of ishe
Last al Initia Name al Initia Date) Titl Publi r
Name l l e catio
Initial n:
 Scholarly Journal Article - Internet
Example Scholarly Journal: Godlowska, 2016. Plant growth
biostimulants based on different methods of seaweed extraction with
water. Hindawi Publishing Corporation BioMed Research
International Volume 2016, Article ID 5973760, 11 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5973760
Author First Middle (Publication Article Magazine/Scholarly DOI or
Last Initial Initial date) Title Journal Title Article
Name URL
 Encyclopedia Article - Internet
Example: Chulz, H. K. (2015). Phytoremediation. Encyclopedia
Britannica. Retrieved from
https://www.britannica.com/science/phytoremediation

Author Last First Initial (Publication Article Title Encyclopedia URL

Name date) if given Title
Let’s test your
knowledge!
General Directions: Read and analyse each
questions carefully. Write your answer on
your paper.
 MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE
Directions: Write True if the statement is correct. If it is
false, change the underlined word to make it true.
1. Discuss the specific importance of your topic for
those in your field.
2. Chronological arrangement is used in related
literature to emphasize the development and
progress in a specific field of study.
3. You will use the studies in your literature
review as “evidence” that your research question
is an important one topic for those in your field.
4. Research that explains the relationship
between these variables is a highly needed.
5. Identify the specific problem area but don’t be
too global
 IDENTIFICATION
Directions: Identify what is being described in each item.
_____ 1. A type of definition specifically made
for your study.
_____ 2. Represents studies similar to your own.
_____ 3. Reinforcement of research gap after
reviewing the available literature
_____ 4. The act of using another person’s
words or ideas without giving credit to that
person (Merriam-Webster Dictionary).
_____ 5. Explains concepts relevant to the
study.
 WORD ANALOGY
Study the relationship between the first
set of words. Complete the second pair
with this same relationship on the first
set. Write your answer on your own
paper.
1. MLA : informal writing :: APA :
___________.
2. Avoid : Slang :: Use : ______________
3. Chronological : Time :: Thematic : ________
4. Operational definition : own :: Conceptual
definition : _____________
5. Related Studies : Similar Studies :: Related
Directions: Cite the following sources correctly.

Francis Hanz Davey

The Occupational Aspirations and Expectations of Senior
High School Students.
Abiva Publishing House, Inc.
1993
New York City
Teddy Dave Cook, Mary Dianne Church, Stella Ajanaku,
William Riley Shadish Jr., John Dim, & Ralph Cohen
JO-ES Publishing House, Inc.
1996
The Development of Occupational Aspirations and
Expectations among Inner-City Boys
2nd edition
Quezon City