Network Analysis and Synthesis

Chapter 3
Elements of Realizability Theory
 Introduction
• In the last chapter we were concerned with the problem of
identifying the response given the excitation and network.

• When we discuss about synthesis we are concerned with the

problem of constructing a network given the excitation and
response.
• The starting point for any synthesis is the system function
R( s)
H (s) 
E (s)
• The first step in synthesis procedure is determining
whether the system function can be realized with a
physical passive network.

• There are two considerations

• Causality and
• Stability
 1. Causality
• By causality we mean that a voltage doesn’t appear
between any terminals in the network before a
current/voltage is applied.

• In other words, the impulse response of the network

must be zero for t<0.

h(t )  0 for t  0
 Example
1. h(t)=etu(t)
• Is causal because for t<0 u(t)=0, hence, h(t)=0.
2. h(t)=e|t|
• Is not causal because for t<0, h(t) is not zero.
• In the frequency domain causality is implied when
the Paley-Wiener criterion is satisfied.

• The Paley-Wiener criterion states that a necessary

and sufficient condition for causality is

log H ( jw)


w 1
2
dw  
• The physical implication of the Paley-Wiener criterion
is that the amplitude response of a causal network
can’t be zero over a finite band of frequency.
 Example
1. The ideal low pass filter

– Is not causal because it is zero

for all frequencies w>wc.

2. The Gaussian filter  w2

H ( jw)  e
– Is not causal because
 
log H ( jw) w2


w2  1
dw   2

w 1
dw

is not finite.
 2. Stability
• If a network is stable, then for a bounded
excitation e(t) the response will also be
bounded.
| e(t ) | C1 0t
| r (t ) | C2 0t

• Where C1 and C2 are real, positive and finite

numbers.
• Stability in the frequency domain implies that the system
function should only have poles on the left had side of the ‘s’
plane or simple poles on the jw axis.

• This is because if we have a pole on the right hand side, then

the impulse response will have an exponentially increasing
term, eαt.

• Hence, our response will not be bounded.

• If there is a double pole on the jw axis, then the impulse
response of the network will have a term tsin(wt).

• This will not be bounded.

• If H(s) is given as n 1
an s  an 1s  ...  a1s  a0
n
H (s) 
bm s m  bm 1s m 1  ...  b1s  b0

• Due to the requirement of simple poles on the jw axis, the

order of the numerator shouldn’t exceed the order of the
denominator by more than 1. That is n  m 1

• If
n  m  1then there would be multiple poles on the
s=jw=infinity.
• To summarize, for a network to be stabile the
following three conditions must be satisfied

1. H(s) can’t have poles on the right side of the ‘s’ plane.

2. H(s) can’t have multiple poles on the jw axis.

3. The degree of the numerator of H(s) can’t exceed that of

the denominator by more than 1.
• For a given function to be realizable, it is essential that the
network function satisfy all of the properties of
– Hurwitz polynomial and
– those of p.r.f

• Before we study the actual synthesis : it is necessary to study

the properties of HP and PRF
 3. Hurwitz polynomials
• We mentioned in the previous section that in order for a
system to be stable, its poles must lie in the left side of the
‘s’ plane; moreover the poles on the jw axis must be simple.

• The denominator polynomial of a system function H(s) that

satisfies these criteria belongs to a class of polynomials called
Hurwitz polynomials.

• In these section, we will discuss the properties of these types

of polynomials.
• A polynomial P(s) is said to be Hurwitz if it satisfies
1. P(s) must be real if s is real.
2. The real part of its roots must be negative or zero.

• As a result of these conditions, if P(s) is a Hurwitz

polynomial given by
n 1
P ( s )  an s  an 1s
n
 ...  a1s  a0
• Then all coefficients an must be real and if si=α+jβ is
root of P(s), then α must be negative.
 Example
1. The polynomial  
P ( s )  ( s  1) s  1  j 2 s  1  j is
2 
Hurwitz because

• For real s P(s) is real, P(s)=(s+1)(s2+2s+2)

• None of the roots lie on the right hand side of the ‘s’ plane.

2. The polynomial G ( s )  ( s  1)( s  2)( s  3)is not Hurwitz

• The root s=1 lies on the positive ‘s’ plane.

 Properties of Hurwitz polynomial
1. All the coefficients of the polynomial are non negative.

• This is readily seen by examining the types of terms P(s) can

have


P ( s )  s   i  s 2  i
2
s      
i
2
i
2

Simple Simple pole Complex

real pole on the jw axis conjugate roots
• The multiplication of these non negative coefficients can
only give non negative coefficients.
2. The even and odd parts of P(s) have roots on the jw axis
only.

• If we denote the even and odd parts of P(s) as n(s) and m(s)

P ( s )  n( s )  m( s )

• Then both n(s) and m(s) have roots on the jw axis only.
3. The continued fraction expansion of n(s)/m(s) or m(s)/n(s) of a
Hurwitz polynomial yields only positive quotient terms.

n( s ) 1
 (s)   q1s 
m( s ) 1
q2 s 
1
q3 s 
• All the q’s are positive. 1
q4 s 
.....
1
qn s
Example:
Obtain the continued fraction
expansion of
F ( s)  s  s  4s  2s  3
4 3 2

Solution:
n ( s )  s  4 s  3 m( s )  s  2 s
4 2 3

Since the order of n(s) is higher than

m(s), we start with n(s)/m(s).
 Example
• Obtain the continued fraction expansion of
F ( s )  s  s  5s  3s  4
4 3 2

• Solution:
n( s )  s 4  5s 2  4 and m( s )  s 3  3s
– Since the order of n(s) is higher than m(s), we start
with n(s)/m(s).
n( s ) s 4  5s 2  4

m( s ) s 3  3s
2s 2  4
 s
s 3  3s
1
 s
s 3  3s
2s 2  4
1
 s
1 s
s
2 2s 2  4
1
 s
1 1
s
2 2s 2  4
s
1
 s
1 1
s
2 4
2s 
s
1
 s
1 1 Note that all the
s
2 1 coefficients of the
2s 
s quotients are positive
4
 4. Positive Real Functions
• These functions are important because they
represent physically realizable passive driving point
immitances.

• A function is positive real if

– F(s) is real for real s, that is F(σ) is real.
– The real part of F(s) is greater or equal to zero when the
real part of s is greater than or equal to zero. That is
• In other words, the right half of the ‘s’ plane maps
with the right half of F(s) plane.

• In addition, the real axis of ‘s’ plane maps with real

axis of F(s) plane.

• A further restriction is that F(s) be rational.

 Example
1. F(s)=Ls (where L is positive real number), is positive real by
definition. Inductor

2. F(s)=R (where R is positive real number), is positive real by

definition. Resistor

3. F(s)=K/s (K real and positive) is positive real because when s

is real F(s) is real and when the real part of s is positive the
real part of F(s) is also positive. Capacitor

1 1   j   j
F (s)   *  2
  j   j   j    2
• The necessary and sufficient condition for F(s) to be a
positive real function is

– F(s) must have no poles on the right side of s plane.

– F(s) may have only simple poles on the jw axis with real
and positive residues.

– Re (F(jw))  0for all w.

 Example
s2
1. Is F ( s)  2 positive real function?
s  3s  2
s2 1
F (s)  
s  1( s  2) s  1
– Its pole s=-1 lies on the left of s plane
– No multiple poles on the jw axis
– Its real part is
 1   1  jw  1
ReF ( jw)   Re   Re 2 

 1  jw   1  w  1 w
2

is always positive.
 s 1
2. Is F (s)  2 positive real?
s 2

Solution: s2
F (s) 
 
s j 2 s j 2 
– No poles on the right hand side.
– No multiple poles on jw axis.
– The real part of F(jw) is
 jw  1  1
ReF ( jw)   Re  
w 2 2w
2 2

this can be a negative number. For example for w=2.

3. Is positive real?

– The poles of F(s) are located on the imaginary axis at s = + j and s =-j.
Les us calculate the residues at these poles.

– As the residues at the

pole are negative,
the function is not P.R.F.