DR.

HAFIZ MAHMOOD
H.O.D
Science of Dental Materials
Introduction
Dental cements are a classified on the basis
of their use in dentistry. The American
Dental Association and the International
Standards Organization (ISO) have teamed
up to classify dental cements according to
their properties and their intended uses in
dentistry.
Dental cements are used to
Restore teeth
 Protect the pulp
Restore teeth temporarily
 Attach prostheses or appliances to teeth
Dental Cements
Variety of forms:
Powder/liquid
Two-paste system
Capsule
Dispensing syringe
Self-curing
Light cured
Classification of Cements
Type I: Luting agents that include
permanent and temporary cements.
Type II: Restorative applications.
Type III: Liner or base applications.
Luting Agent
A material that acts as an adhesive to hold
together the casting to the tooth structure.
Luting agents are designed to be either
permanent or temporary.
Temporary Cement
Temporary cements are used when the
restoration will have to be removed. Most
commonly used temporary material is
calcium hydroxide.
Permanent Cement
For the long-term cementation of cast
restorations such as inlays, crowns, bridges,
laminate veneers, and orthodontic fixed
appliances.
Types of Cements
Zinc-oxide eugenol
Zinc phosphate
Polycarboxylate
Glass ionomer
Composite resin
Benefits Risks

Clinical
Judgment
Steps of cavity preparations
Outline form
Resistance form
Retention form
Convenience form
Finishing or refinement
Cleansing or debridement
Outline form
The dentist must establish an outline form, which
determines the overall shape of the preparation along
the cavity margins of the restoration and the tooth
surfaces. The outline form is determined by the size
and shape of the carious lesion and by the need for a
suitable design that will hold a restoration firmly .
Resistance Form
The shape and placement of the cavity walls that
best enable both the restoration and the tooth to
withstand, without fracture,( against
horizontal forces).
Retention Form
The shape or form of the prepared cavity that
resists displacement or removal of the
restoration from tipping or lifting forces.
(against vertical forces).
Convenience Form
The shape or form of the cavity that provides for
adequate observation, accessibility, and ease of
operation in preparing and restoring the cavity
Toilet of the cavity
a) Removal of debris by washing with
water
b) Removal of debris by cold air
c) Removal of debris by hot air
d) Washing the cavity with water.
Placing Cements, Bases, and Liners
Cavity preparation/pulpal involvement
Depends on amount of decay and types of
materials used to restore tooth
Treatment of cavity preparations
Varies with amount of enamel and dentin
removed and how near the prep is to the pulp
Treatment of Cavity Preparations
Ideal
Minimal dentin and enamel removed
Beyond ideal
Dentin restored with base
Near-exposure
Restoration occurs close to pulp
Exposed pulp
Can vitality of tooth be saved
Cavity Liners
Placed in deepest portion of cavity preparation
Placed on axial or pulpal walls
Form cement layers with minimum strength
Protect pulp from chemical irritants
Provide therapeutic affect to tooth
Cavity Varnish
Used to seal dentin tubules
Prevents acids, saliva, and debris from reaching pulp
Used under amalgam restorations
Prevents microleakage
Types of Zinc Phosphate
Type I (fine grain)
Used for the permanent cementation of cast
restorations such as crowns, inlays, onlays, and
bridges. This material creates the very thin film
layer that is necessary for accurate seating of
castings.
Type II (medium grain)
Recommended for use as an insulating
base for deep cavity preparations
Supply of Zinc Phosphate
Powder/liquid
Powder is divided into increments that vary in
size.
It is critical that the powder be added to the
liquid in very small increments.
Cement must be spatulated slowly over a wide
area of a cool, dry, thick glass slab to dissipate
the heat.
Cavity Varnish
Used under zinc phosphate
Prevents penetration of acids to pulp
Placed after or on top of cavity liners or medicated
bases
Cement Bases
Thick putty placed under cavity preparation
Protects pulp and provide mechanical support for
restoration
Placed on floor of cavity
To raise floor level to ideal height
Zinc phosphate
Over 100 yrs of clinical experience
Routine application
Post-op sensitivities
Low hardness
High solubility
pH low initial pH, it may cause pulpal irritation
Zinc Phosphate
Chemical Makeup
Liquid: Phosphoric acid, aluminum phosphate, and
water.
Powder: Zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, and silica.
Clinical Uses.
(1) Intermediate base. A thick mix of zinc
phosphate cement is used as an intermediate base
beneath a permanent metallic restoration. This layer
of cement protects the pulp from sudden temperature
changes that may be transmitted by the metallic
restoration
(2) Cementing medium. Zinc phosphate cement is
used to permanently cement crowns, inlays,
A zinc phosphate cement used for luting should have
low viscosity, while a cement used for temporary
restorations should have high viscosity.
The pH of the cement changes quickly after the
powder has been added.3 min after mixing the pH
reaches 4.2. After 1 h this value is about 6 and nearly
neutral after 48 h.
Zinc phosphate is an efficient insulator,
Setting reaction
Exothermic reaction
Adding of water can accerlate the reaction.
Loss of water can lengthen the setting reaction.
3ZnO + 2 H3PO4 + H2O -> Zn3(PO4)2 4H2O

The set cement can be described as a hydrated network

of amorphous zinc phosphate that surrounds
incompletely dissolved zinc oxide particles.
Working time and setting time
Working time commonly is 3-6 minute
Setting time is 2.5-8 minute(ADA specification
No.96)

Depending on the manufacturer instruction

Mixing procedure
There are three steps:
 First : add the small amount of powder into the
liquid
 To achieve the slow neutralization of the

liquid.
 To control the reaction.
Mixing procedure
Finally: the small amount of powder is added
again
To control the optimum consistency
Characteristic properties
Setting time at 37O 5 – 9 minutes
Minimum compressive 75 MPa
strength
Maximum film 25 µm (for luting the
thickness prostheses)
Maximum Solubility 0.2% by weight

ADA specification NO.8 for Zinc phosphate cement

Biocompatibility
Acid can penetrate into the dentinal tubule  irritate
pulp
pH of cement
Liquid = 2.0
3 minutes after mixing = 4.2
1 hour = 6
48 hours = 7
THANK YOU