UNIT 1

BROWSING THE INTERNET

" Technology will never replaced great
teachers. Technology in the hands of a
great teacher can be transformational "
 What Does Browsing Mean?

Bowsing is the act of looking through a set of

information quickly, without a specific sense of
purpose. In the context of the internet, it usually
refers to using the world wide web. The term may
imply a sense of aimlessness, with the user just
wasting time on the internet.
A. What is a Search Engine?
A search engine finds information online
by searching for words that the inquirer
has typed in.
It is a computer program, i.e., a piece of
software that helps us fine the information
we are looking for on the internet using
keywords or key phrases.
According to searcmetrics: ‘A search
engine is a website through which users
can search internet content.”
 What is a Search Engine?
Using a search engine Let’s imagine I
am going to fly to Bangkok Thailand from
Iloilo Philippnes this afternoon.
Iwant to find out what the weather is like
in Bangkok.
I go to Yahoo.com, a search engine, and
place the keywords “Weather Bangkok”
in the search box.
Yahoo finds and shows me a list of
websites that have the information I
 What is a Search Engine?
When a user types words into the
search engine, it looks for web pages
with those words. There could be
thousands, or even millions, of web
pages with those words. So, the
search engine helps users by putting
the web pages it thinks the user
wants first.
Search engines are very useful to find
information about anything quickly
and easily. Using more keywords or
different keywords improves the
results of searches.
• A search service may also
include a portal with news,
games, and more information
besides a search
engine. Yahoo! has a popular
portal, while Google has a
simple design on its front
page. Search services usually
work without charging money
for finding sites, and are often
supported with text or banner
advertisements.
What is Search Engine?
Search Engine Optimization (SEO)
The website that appear on the first
Google search results page get the
most visitors.
If yours appears on the first page, It has
excellent SEO or search engine
optimization.
Part of SEO is making sure you have
the right keywords in your text so that
search engines can determine what you
focus is.
• Search engines use robots to ‘crawl’
online content. The process of crawling is
the first measure that search engines take
before indexing content in virtually any
form–videos, text, images, webpages, etc.
The content may constitute newly
uploaded content to the internet or content
that features updates or changes to its
material. These robots, also known as
crawlers or bots, record the information
along with its links. Once the material has
been crawled, it can be stored in a
massive URL database. It’s this database
that generates internet search results.
 Crawling
The discovery process in which
search engines send out a team
of robots (known as crawlers or
spiders) to find new and updated
content. Content can vary — it
could be a webpage, an image, a
video, a PDF, etc. — but
regardless of the format, content
is discovered by links.
Indexing
• After the bots crawl content, it can be indexed in
the database and arranged in terms of its
relevance. If internet content has not been
crawled or indexed, it is unlikely to appear in the
search results when someone makes a query no
matter how relevant that content may be. After
the content has been crawled, each of its words
is indexed. The search engines also pinpoint
where words are located on the crawled pages.
During the indexing process, the search engine
compares the content to other content with
similar ‘words’ and decides how to organize it
within its index.
 Ranking
• Ranking is a complex process that is
dependent on search engine algorithms.
When a searcher makes a query on
Google looking for anything from 19th-
century British landscape painters to New
York City plumbers, the search engine will
generate a list of good matches to that
query. How these matches appear in the
list relates to their rank. The search engine
lists what it ‘thinks’ are the best answers to
the query early in its search results
• Google and other search engines rely on
algorithms to interpret the searcher’s
query, identify the websites and pages in
its index that are related to the request,
and it then ranks them in terms of
relevance in its presented search results
list. What’s important to search engines is
to provide searchers with the most relevant
matches to their queries possible. Website
operators, in turn, use search engine
optimization to give their pages a higher
rank.
 B. BOOKMARKS
What is a bookmark/favourite? A
bookmark is a web browser feature
used to save a web site's URL
address for future reference.
Bookmarks save user and browser
time, which is especially useful for
Web pages with long URLs or
accessing a specific part of the site
that might not be the homepage for
the site.
HOW DO I FIND BOOKMARKS ON
THE INTERNET?
Find a Bookmark
1. On your computer, Open Chrome.
2. In the address bar, enter
@bookmarks.
3. Press tab or space, You can also
click search bookmarks.
4. Enter keywords for the bookmark
that you want.
5. select your bookmark from the list.
 CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING WEB RESOURCES

There are six (6) criteria For each criterion, there are
several questions to be
that should be applied
asked. The more questions
when evaluating any you can answer "yes", the
Web site: authority, more likely the Web site is
accuracy, objectivity, one of quality.
currency, coverage, and
appearance.
CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING WEB RESOURCES

1.Authority
a.Is it clear who is c.There any indication of the
responsible for the contents authhor's qualifications for
of the page? writing on a particular topic?

b.Is there a way of verifying d.Is the information from

the legitimacy of the sources known to be
organization, group, reliable?
company or individual?
 C. CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING WEB
RESOURCES
a. Is it clear who is WHY IMPORTANT? - It is critical to
relate the ideas you find at a site to a
responsible for the contents particular author, organization, or
of the page? business. In this way, there is a
degree of accountability for any of the
ideas expressed. Once the individual
or organization responsible for the
content is known, you can then begin
to look at other clues to help you
ascertain credibilities, such as
credentials and reputation. Be
especially wary of sites in which the
author or sponsoring organization is
not clearly stated.
 CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING WEB RESOURCES

b. Is the information from sources known to be

reliable?
WHY IMPORTANT? - Statements from established and
reputable organizations almost always have been seen
and approved by several people. As a result, this check
and balance system helps prevent the release of
unsound information. Government sites (.gov) are very
good examples of organizations where information is
disseminated through this type of system.
 CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING WEB RESOURCES
2. Accuracy
Are the sources for factual information clearly
listed so they can be verified in another
source?
WHY IMPORTANT? - A source of information
is known to be scholarly when it provides
references to the information presented. In
this way, the reader can confirm whether the
information is accurate or the author's
conclusions reasonable. A page without
references still may be useful as an example
of the ideas of an individual, organization, or
business, but not as source of factual
information.
Is the information free of grammatical,
spelling, and other typographical
errors?
WHY IMPORTANT? - Such errors not
only indicate a lack of attention and
effort, but also can actually produce
inaccuracies in information. Whether
the errors come from carelessness or
ignorance, they both put the
information or writer in an unfavorable
light.
 CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING WEB RESOURCES
3. Objectivity
a. Does the content appear to contain
any evidence of bias?
WHY IMPORTANT? - If the content
contains bias, only one point of view is
being presented. This may not be bad
depending on your needs.
Directly related to bias is the
concept of fairness. Good
information sources will use a
calm, reasoned tone to present
information in a balanced manner.
Pay attention to the tone and be
cautious of sites that contain
highly emotional writing. Writing
that is overly critical, attacking, or
spiteful often indicates an irrational
and unfair presentation rather than
a reasoned argument.
CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING WEB RESOURCES

b. Is there a link to a page describing the goals or

purpose of the sponsoring organization or company?
WHY IMPORTANT? - The goals or purpose of a
group, organization, or company can help you assess
for possible biasness. For example, let's say you
found an article in the online newspaper-The Truth at
Last-stating how black slaves enjoyed the idea of
slavery.
Thus, the article you read could be suspect based on
CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING WEB RESOURCES

c. If there is any advertising on the page, is it clearly

differentiated from the informational content?
WHY IMPORTANT? - The intent of advertising is to sell a product
or idea. Sometimes advertising is woven into an article, where it
is hard to notice that the information presented is actually part of
an advertisement. An example in the print world would be a
multi-page, special advertising insert in Newsweek, paid for by a
leading group of pharmaceutical companies that discusses new
developments in drug treatments for arthritis. Although the
article is very informative, its intent is to promote the products of
particular companies.
 Follow me...
Inhale- 5 secs.
Exhale
Repeat 3x...

Now.....
Please Stand up and stretch
your body at least 20 secs.
CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING WEB RESOURCES
4. Currency
a. Are there dates on the
page to indicate when the
page was written, when the
page was first placed on the
Web, or when the page was
last revised?
WHY IMPORTANT? - Some
information is very time sensitive. For
example, a page talking about the top
rate Web search engines in 1997 is
going to be horribly out of date in
2000. There have been incredible
changes in search engine technology
and new developments appear almost
monthly. However, a page discussing
the Civil War is likely still relevant
today even if the page was created in
1996 and has not been updated.
Regardless, a site should always
provide some indication of when the
information was created or the site
 CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING WEB RESOURCES
5. Coverage
Are these topics successfully
addressed, with clearly presented
arguments and adequate support to
substantiate them?
Does the work update other
sources, substantiate other
materials you have read, or add
new information?
Is the target audience identified and
appropriate for your needs?
WHY IMPORTANT? - Coverage is one of the most
important factors to consider before using the
information on a Web page. If the information
appears one-sided, it could be evidence of bias.
Also, you will want to see if a page is presenting a
new perspective on the topic, or just summarizing
other sources. If it summarizes other sources, you
will likely want to get hold of the originals. If it is
difficult to assess the topics covered in a page or
the arguments are not presented very clearly, you
might reconsider before referencing this site.
Finally, be aware of the target audience to whom a
page is directed. The target audience has a direct
bearing on the coverage of a site.
 CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING WEB RESOURCES

6. Appearance WHY IMPORTANT - In the print world, one way

of assessing quality in a book is through its
physical layout and appearance: the sturdiness
a.Does the site look of the binding and cover material, the presence
of a well-organized table of contents and a
well organized? comprehensive index, clear typeface, appropriate
illustrations, etc. This attention to detail reflects
an inherent quality. Likewise, in the Web
b.Do the links work? environment, a sign of quality in a site is external
links that work properly, an organizational
structure that allows one to quickly determine the
c. Does the site appear content and access it equally fast, and graphics
well maintained? or multimedia that complement the information
presented.
 COMMON COMMANDS FOR SEARCH ENGINE
What to Know
Enter define:term for a definition;
use OR between terms to find
either; use quotes (") to find an
exact match.
Don't use a space after the
colon, and feel free to join
multiple commands in a single
search.
Multiple commands mean fewer
results, which can be good or
33 advanced search engine commands to
perform a targeted search, filtering and
saving time
If you’re like us, use Google or Bing several
times a day – it’s great. But .. happened you
entered a keyword and did not find what you
wanted? Maybe you searched for a
something more specific topic? To optimize
your search and to save you time, you will
know how it is possible to search using
advanced search engine commands, such as
weather, local time, currency translation, and
a variety of methods.
 COMMON COMMANDS FOR SEARCH ENGINE
How does it work? Quite 1. Search Exact Phrase
simply using the search Use quotation marks (quotes) to search
box on the homepage for an exact phrase, including the order of
usual, just like you the words. For example: “Search on
normally use, you can Google”, you will find information with this
add symbols, numbers, exact phrase.
letters and words in order
to optimize your search. 2. Revocation of keyword
Need to filter any search word from
appearing with keywords? For example:
Search women’s shoes -men – Result:
Search for information that women’s shoes
and not men’s shoes.
 COMMON COMMANDS FOR SEARCH ENGINE

3. Search text with 4. Search one or more

missing words keywords
If you do not remember a If you want to find
comprehensive information
word, or you want to find
about your keywords or both
phrases that used by the using the OR command. For
internet, use an asterisk example, iPhone 7 OR 6,
*, for example, “Microsoft will give you information on
* LinkedIn”. the iPhone or iPhone 6 or 7
or both.
 COMMON COMMANDS FOR SEARCH ENGINE
5. Internal Search
To locate information within
a specific Web site, you
must type in: site:
example.com + keyword.
For example, You are
looking to find information
about Shoes on Amazon,
type site:amazon.com
shoes.
6. Search words in the title
If you are looking for
information or an article, but
you want the words to appear
in the title of the link, use
allintitle: + words themselves
(or intitle:). For example:
intitle: Google Bing. The result
will give you all the sites that
appear this words in the title of
the site.
 COMMON COMMANDS FOR SEARCH ENGINE
7. Search Words in URL
If you want to look for words on
the link itself, use the allinurl: +
keyword (or inurl :). For example
search: inurl:analytics will give
you the result of all the sites
appears the word analytics in
the link.
8. Search words in text
If you are trying to find specific
words that appear in the text,
you must use the command
allintext: + words (or intext :), for
example, Search for, intext:
Google search engines
Facebook. You get the sites
where there are the words:
Google, Facebook, engines,
Search.
 COMMON COMMANDS FOR SEARCH ENGINE

9. Advanced Integration 10. Similar Sites

You can combine multiple If you would like to search
commands together to for similar websites based
get the desired results. on the content you need to
For example, allinurl: use the command related:
“search engines” - + site, for example:
related: facebook.com give
keyword.
you the content of sites
similar to Facebook.
 COMMON COMMANDS FOR SEARCH ENGINE

11. Backlinks 12. Search for information

by file type
Look backlinks to any For more information about any
website with a link: content at sites such as PDF,
Excel, Word, etc., you can use the
function Example: command: filetype: + file type and
link: search word. For example,
www.google.com. filetype: pdf twitter 2016. You will
get information such as financial
statements of Twitter and so on.
 COMMON COMMANDS FOR SEARCH ENGINE

13. The range of 14. Results by

numbers location
If you want to seek If you are looking for
information from a range
pages by geographic
of numbers added 2
points (..) the sequence
location use loc:
of numbers, it can be command. For
price, distance and so example, loc:Moskow
on. pub.
 COMMON COMMANDS FOR SEARCH ENGINE

15. Synonyms 16. Information

Look for information on the
Use the tilde before the
site as a function info: + link.
word search for
information also
synonymous search 17. Weather
terms. For example, Weather search directly in
~search, also gives Google used the word
information on looking Weather + city. For example,
for. Weather London.
 COMMON COMMANDS FOR SEARCH ENGINE
18. IP address
20. Cache
Type IP Address finding your IP
address. This cache that Google
scanned version of the site
19. Stocks recently. Use cache
Want to know what Google’s stock command: For example,
price? Type a stock and its cache:yahoo.com.
symbol. For example, Facebook
Type Stock FB, (sometimes
without stock works).
 COMMON COMMANDS FOR SEARCH ENGINE
21. Calculator
Want to know how it 458 *
850? May take other actions
such as addition,
subtraction, division, etc.?
Type a search engine
directly from the equation, or
simply type calculator. For
example: a calculator or 22-
15> Result: 7.
22. Currency
Flying to Europe? Need to
know the rate of exchange in
any country, what is the rate
of the euro. To know what
exchange rate you type in the
search box dollar or euro. If
you would like to use the table
of exchange rates, usually
works on google.com, type
currency.
 COMMON COMMANDS FOR SEARCH ENGINE

23. Translation 24. Glossary

Use Google Translate? It’s nice, To get an interpretation of a
but you can translate words word? You must use the
directly from the Google search word Define + the word
box. There are several methods itself. And you will get a brief
to do this, a preferred method is: explanation. For example,
([word that wants to translate]
define frequency – will get
translated into [language you
an explanation of the word.
want]) – for example, the search:
translate school to Russian >>
The result: Школа.
 COMMON COMMANDS FOR SEARCH ENGINE
25. World time
Need to contact someone
from another country? Want
to know what time it is now
in any country? Quite simply,
type in the search box: time
+ state / city / location
specific. For example, time
in new york.
26. Conversions
How many kilometers is one
mile? How many seconds in
one year and more .. You
can use words in – to, for
example, Type: kg to lbs or
unit converter, calculator and
you will get a conversion.
 COMMON COMMANDS FOR SEARCH ENGINE

27. Food comparison 29. Timer / Stopwatch

Want to compare an apple and an
orange? Use the command vs the
Type a timer or
search words. stopwatch to get started.
Usually, works on
28. Flights google.com in English.
Checking the status of your flight,
you can register your flight number
and you can search for information.
For example, Dal163.
 COMMON COMMANDS FOR SEARCH ENGINE
30. Sunrise / Sunset
Type a sunrise or sunset, and
location and you get when the
sun rises or sets.
31. Sports
Want to learn, play, result,
location, League of a football
game? Just type Manchester
United F.c. and you will get the
information.
32. Colors
Do you have a specific color
code? Type it in, and you can
change colors directly from the
Google search. For example:
#000000 or RGB (0, 0, 0).
33. Bonus
Want to enter the first search
result? Type keywords and click
“I’m Feeling Lucky”.
 WEB CRAWLER’S

A Web crawler, sometimes called a

spider or spiderbot and often shortened
to crawler, is an Internet bot that
systematically browses the World Wide
Web and that is typically operated by
search engines for the purpose of Web
indexing (web spidering).[1]
 WEB CRAWLER’S
A Web crawler starts with a list of
URLs to visit. Those first URLs are
called the seeds. As the crawler visits
these URLs, by communicating with
web servers that respond to those
URLs, it identifies all the hyperlinks in
the retrieved web pages and adds
them to the list of URLs to visit, called
the crawl frontier.
URLs from the frontier are recursively
visited according to a set of policies. If
the crawler is performing archiving of
websites (or web archiving), it copies
and saves the information as it goes.
The archives are usually stored in
such a way they can be viewed, read
and navigated as if they were on the
live web, but are preserved as
'snapshots'.[5]
 WEB CRAWLER’S
• The large volume implies Crawling policy
The behavior of a Web crawler is the outcome
the crawler can only of a combination of policies:[7]
download a limited number
a selection policy which states the pages to
of the Web pages within a download,
given time, so it needs to a re-visit policy which states when to check
for changes to the pages,
prioritize its downloads. a politeness policy that states how to avoid
The high rate of change overloading Web sites.
a parallelization policy that states how to
can imply the pages might coordinate distributed web crawlers.
have already been
updated or even deleted.
 WEB CRAWLER’S
Selection policy Designing a good selection
This requires a metric of importance policy has an added difficulty: it
for prioritizing Web pages. The must work with partial
importance of a page is a function of
information, as the complete set
its intrinsic quality, its popularity in
terms of links or visits, and even of its of Web pages is not known
URL (the latter is the case of vertical during crawling.
search engines restricted to a single
top-level domain, or search engines
restricted to a fixed Web site).
 WEB CRAWLER’S
Re-visit policy
The Web has a very dynamic
nature, and crawling a fraction of
the Web can take weeks or
months. By the time a Web
crawler has finished its crawl,
many events could have
happened, including creations,
updates, and deletions.
From the search engine's point
of view, there is a cost
associated with not detecting an
event, and thus having an
outdated copy of a resource.
The most-used cost functions
are freshness and age.
 WEB CRAWLER’S
Politeness policy
Crawlers can retrieve data much
quicker and in greater depth than
human searchers, so they can
have a crippling impact on the
performance of a site. If a single
crawler is performing multiple
requests per second and/or
downloading large files, a server
can have a hard time keeping up
with requests from multiple
crawlers.
Parallelization policy
A parallel crawler is a crawler that
runs multiple processes in parallel.
The goal is to maximize the download
rate while minimizing the overhead
from parallelization and to avoid
repeated downloads of the same
page. To avoid downloading the same
page more than once, the crawling
system requires a policy for assigning
the new URLs discovered during the
crawling process, as the same URL
can be found by two different crawling
processes.
THANK YOU!!!