9-SI3112 Short-Column

Concrete Structure
(Short Column)
Erwin Lim
EL SI 3112
References
References:
Nilson, A. H., Darwin, D., Dolan, C.W., “Design of Concrete
Structures,” McGraw-Hill
EL SI 3111 2
Introduction :
Axial Compression
Axial Compression
Three type of reinforced concrete compression
member are in use :
1. Reinforced concrete with longitudinal bars and
lateral ties
2. Reinforced concrete with longitudinal bars and
continuous spiral
3. Composite compression with structural steel
shapes, pipe, tubing, with or without additional
longitudinal bars, and various types of lateral
reinforcement.
EL SI 3111
Axial Compression
RC with longitudinal bars RC with longitudinal bars RC with structural steel

and continuous spiral and lateral ties shapes
EL SI 3111
Axial Compression
Nominal strength of axially loaded column :
Pn  0,85 f c ' Ac  Ast f y
Pn  0,85 f c '( Ag  Ast )  Ast f y

Where :
Ag Gross area of cross section
Ast Total area reinforcing steel
Ast Net area of concrete
EL SI 3111
Axial Compression
Limitation on column strength by ACI Code 10.3.6
to allow accidental eccentricities :
For spirally reinforced column with f : 0,75
 Pn (max)  0,85 0,85 f c '( Ag  Ast )  Ast f y 
For tied column with f : 0,65
 Pn (max)  0,80 0,85 f c '( Ag  Ast )  Ast f y 
EL SI 3111
Lateral Ties and
Spirals
Non-ductile Detailing for Columns
Chi-Chi EQ , 1999
30
cm
Widely Spaced 90o Hooks

Hoops
Compression + Bending of
Rectangular Columns
Compression + Bending on Columns
When a member is subjected to combined axial
compression P and moment M,
it is usually convenient to replace the axial load

and moment with equal load P applied at
eccentricity :
M
e
P
EL SI 3111
Compression + Bending on Columns
Design of column strength is therefore base on
factored load, must not exceed the design
strength.
Mn  Mu
 Pn  Pu
EL SI 3111
Strain Compatibility
Analysis and Interaction
Diagrams
Sectional Analysis
f s Cs
 M Cc
f s
P Cs
fs Ts
F  0 P  Cc  Cs  Cs  Ts  0
h 1c
M Ts  0 M  P ( d  )  Cc ( d  )
2 2
h
 Cs ( d  )  Cs( d  d )  0
2
Equilibrium between external and internal axial
forces requires that
EL SI 3111
Equilibrium between external and

internal axial forces requires that:
Pn  0,85 f c ' ab  As ' f s ' As f s
h a h   h
M n  0,85 f c ' ab     As ' f s '   d '   As f s  d  
2 2 2   2
EL SI 3111
Notes
For large eccentricities, failure is initiated by
yielding of the tension steel As. Hence, for this
case, fs = fy.
When the concrete reaches its ultimate strain ecu =
0.003, the compression steel may or may not have
yielded; this must be determined based on
compatibility of strains.
EL SI 3111
Notes
For small eccentricities, the concrete will reach its
limits strainϵ 𝑢 before the tension starts yielding;
in fact, the bars on the side of the column farther
from the load may be in compression, not tension.
EL SI 3111
Notes
A better approach for basis of practical design is to
construct a strength interaction diagram.
For any eccentricities, there is a unique pair of

values of Pn and M n that will produce the state of
incipient failure.
EL SI 3111
P-M Curve
EL SI 3111
P-M Curve
EL SI 3111
f s Cs
 M Cc
f s
P Cs
fs Ts
1.Define section
2.Impose strains
3.Identify internal stresses (idealized as
needed)
4.Compute internal stress resultants
5. SF=0  P
SM=0  M
6. Note that a curvature is also determined, f
For the tension steel,
d c
s u 
c
d c
f s u Es   fy
c
For the compression steel,

cd'
s ' u 
c
cd '
f s ' u Es   fy
c
EL SI 3111
Concrete stress block :
a  1c  h
Concrete compressive resultant :
C  0,85 f c ' ab
EL SI 3111
Balanced Failure
Balance Failure
Interaction curve is divided to compression failure
and tension failure. Balance failure is used to
determine the dividing point between both.
For balanced failure :

u
c  cb  d 
u  y
a  ab  1  cb
EL SI 3111
PM Curve and
Strength Reduction
Factor
PM Curve and Strength Reduction Factor
EL SI 3112 30
EL SI 3112 31
EL SI 3112 32
Strength Reduction Factor
EL SI 3112 33
Example :
EL SI 3111
Example :
EL SI 3111
Example :
EL SI 3111
Example :
EL SI 3111
BIAXIAL BENDING
Biaxial Bending
The methods discussed permits rectangular or
square column to be designed if bending is
present in only one principal axes.
Such in case, corner columns where beams and
girders frame into the column in the direction of
both walls and transfer their end moments into
the columns.
EL SI 3111
Biaxial Bending
EL SI 3111
Biaxial Bending
 Corner columns in gravity loaded frames

or columns under EQ loading
No two way (biaxial) bending
Yes two way (biaxial) bending

Biaxial Bending
EL SI 3111
b/2
y Pu
h ex
ey
b h/2 x
Symmetrically reinforced concrete

column section with biaxial bending
y
ex Pu
kx b
ty 2 1 ey
b1ky h
P.C. ky h
h q x
ty 4 3
tx
tx
b
Section Str
ain
St r
ess
For
ce
Column section with biaxial bending at ultimate load

Biaxial Bending
Simple approximate method can be used :
1. Load contour method
2. Reciprocal Load Method
EL SI 3111
LOAD CONTOUR
METHOD
Load Contour Method
This method is based on representing the failure
surface by using curves corresponding to constant
values of Pn .
The general form can be approximated by:

1 2
 M nx   M ny 
      1, 0
 M nx 0   M ny 0 
EL SI 3111
Load Contour Method
where Pu
Pn 

M nx  Pn  ey
M nx 0  M nx corresponding to Pu/f when Mny = 0 (uniaxial)
M ny  Pn  ex
M ny 0  M ny corresponding to Pu/f when Mnx = 0 (uniaxial)
EL SI 3111
Load Contour Method
EL SI 3111
Load Contour Method
EL SI 3111
RECIPROCAL LOAD
METHOD
Reciprocal Load Method
EL SI 3111
Reciprocal Load Method
Bresler’s reciprocal load equation is derived from
the geometry of the approximating plane.
1 1 1 1
  
Pn Pnx 0 Pny 0 P0
where Pn  Approximate value of nominal load in biaxial

bending with eccentricities ex and ey
Pny 0  Nominal load when only ex is present
Pnx 0  Nominal load when only ey is present
P0  Nominal load concentrically loaded column
EL SI 3111
Example 3
300 X 500 mm column is reinforced with 8 No.29 (No. 9) bars,
providing Ast = 5160 mm2.
Pu of 110 kN is applied with eccentricities ey = 75 mm and ex = 150

mm, as shown. Materials strength are fc’ = 28 MPa and fy = 420 MPa.
Check the adequacy of the trial design using :

a) Reciprocal method
b) Load Contour Method
EL SI 3111
Example 3
P-M Curve
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
Axial Load, kN
2000 Pu/f = 1100/0,65

1000
0
Mnyo=248 kN Mnxo=494 kN
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
-1000
-2000
-3000
Moment, kN-M
EL SI 3111
Example 3
1 2
 M nx   M ny 
      1, 0
 M nx 0   M ny 0 
1.15 1.15
 126.9   253.8 
     0.93(ok )
 248   494 
Pu 1100kN
Pn    1692,3kN
 0.65
M nx  Pn  ey  1692,3  75mm  126,9kN  m
M ny  Pn  ex  1692,3 150mm  253,8kN  m
Mnyo=248 kN
Mnxo=494 kN
a1, a2 = 1.15
EL SI 3111
Example 3
EL SI 3111
Example 3
EL SI 3111

9-SI3112 Short-Column

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9-SI3112 Short-Column

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Concrete Structure

RC with longitudinal bars RC with longitudinal bars RC with structural steel

Pn  0,85 f c '( Ag  Ast )  Ast f y

Ast Total area reinforcing steel

Ast Net area of concrete

For tied column with f : 0,65

 Pn (max)  0,80 0,85 f c '( Ag  Ast )  Ast f y 

Widely Spaced 90o Hooks

it is usually convenient to replace the axial load

Equilibrium between external and

For any eccentricities, there is a unique pair of

For the compression steel,

Concrete compressive resultant :

For balanced failure :

 Corner columns in gravity loaded frames

No two way (biaxial) bending

Yes two way (biaxial) bending

Symmetrically reinforced concrete

Column section with biaxial bending at ultimate load

1. Load contour method

2. Reciprocal Load Method

The general form can be approximated by:

M nx 0  M nx corresponding to Pu/f when Mny = 0 (uniaxial)

M ny 0  M ny corresponding to Pu/f when Mnx = 0 (uniaxial)

where Pn  Approximate value of nominal load in biaxial

Pu of 110 kN is applied with eccentricities ey = 75 mm and ex = 150

Check the adequacy of the trial design using :

2000 Pu/f = 1100/0,65

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