“The road to success is always under construction.

” —Lily Tomlin
 CONTENTS
1. Unit 1: The relationship between hygiene and diseases.

2. Unit 2: Reproduction and sustainability.

3. Unit 3: Interdependence between Plants and Animals.

4. Unit 4: Weather and Climate.

5. Unit 5: Acids, Bases and Indicators.

6. Unit 6: Sound and Light.

7. Unit 7: Electromagnetism.
 CHAPTER 7.
ELECTROMAGNETISM.
Making an Electromagnet
 What is electromagnetism?
 Electro-Electrum in Latin-Elektron in Greek which mean “when rubbed”. This entirely
leads to the production of “electricity”
 Electricity is the flow of electrons between neighboring atoms.

 Atom is a term that comes from Greek word for “indivisible”.

 Atom is made up of three particles called component ( i.e. protons, neutrons and electrons) which
led to the broadest meaning of the discovery of what is known to be electricity.
 Electricity is the term used to describe the energy of a charged particles.

 In electricity component of atom are referred as charges

(i.e. proton (+), electron(-) and neutron is neutral).

 Magnetism is the behaviors of the produced energy.

Such a behavior is referred to as an ability(force) to attract or repels.
• Electromagnetism was developed and published in 1864 by
James Clerk Maxwell.
 Is a process where magnetic field is created by introducing current
in the conductor.
• When a conductor is electrically charged it generates magnetic line.
• In simple term Electromagnetism is a production of magnet by electricity.
•How?
Making an Electromagnet
Very important continuation

Battery/dry cell

Wire
Circuit

Key/Switch Resistance
 TYPES OF ELECTRICITY:
o Static electricity _ generated by rubbing.
oCurrent electricity_ generated by the flow of electrical charge
through a conductor.
 Electric current flows in two direction :
Alternating current (AC) _is an electric current with which
direction of the flow of electrons switches back and forth at cycles.

Direct Current (DC)_ is an electric current that is uni-directional.

~ Flow of charge is always in the same direction.
• Where do AC and DC come from?

~ AC comes from: Dynamos or generators.

~ DC comes from: Dry cells, car battery, or solar panels.
Collectively, sources of current electricity are:

Dynamo. Generator. Car battery. Dry cell. Solar panel.

• When the wire is connected to the source of electricity such as dry
cells the energy is transformed into electrical energy.
• In the dry cells there is chemical energy which is transformed into
electrical energy.
• The electrical energy flows through the wire.
• When it reaches the nail the electrical energy is transformed into
electromagnetic energy.
• The nail is magnetized through induction.
• The electromagnetic energy is transformed into magnetic energy and therefore it
pulls magnetic materials such as paper clips, pins and staples.
• The more the number of pins the nail can hold the stronger the magnet.
• The following flow diagram shows energy transformation in an electromagnet:
Chemical energy(dry cells ) Electrical energy (in wires)
Electromagnetic energy (in pins/clips) kinetic energy (in dry cells).
 Note!!
 The electromagnet is temporary because when the wire or
the cell are disconnected the nail loses magnetism.
Any Question?

Thank you