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UGFN1000

In Dialogue with Nature


與自然對話
Joseph Needham
The Shorter Science and Civilisation in
China Vol. 1.
《黃帝內經》

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電腦能有情感嗎?
電腦能有情感嗎?
例: 面部表情、語調、
行為反應 逃跑、攻擊

(behavioral
response)

生理反應 感受
(physiological (feeling)
reaction)
 
例:腦部活動、荷爾蒙 情感的主觀經驗
情感
Subjectivity of consciousness (emotion) 電腦能具備這些要素嗎?
• “Hard” problem 每種要素是必需的嗎?
• Social problem
Recorded video
https://youtu.be/MVtl4OJuvUE

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機械情緣?
• 「如果愛是具內在價值的東西的話,那麼我們就有很
好的理由去開發機械伴侶,令世人享受愛情。即使愛
情只有工具價值,經歷戀愛亦是美事。因為它讓人身
心更健康豐盛,大概也會令社會更和諧( Nyholm &
Frank, 2018, pp.238 )」
• 郭柏年,〈三松閣:機械情緣?〉, 2022 。

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瀕死經驗
(near-death experience)
• 「這項研究在 2008-2012 年期間,錄得二千多宗心搏
停止的病例,生還率不足兩成。研究人員事後訪問了
其中一百四十個病人,當中有九人被列為有瀕死經
驗,但沒有一個人看到隱藏的圖案。這當然並不代表
頓識和外識沒有發生。事實上,二千多宗心搏停止的
事件,近八成發生在沒有安裝圖案的地方。但如果可
以改善這個研究的設計,在更多的地方安裝圖案,以
及延長研究時間,這會是非常重要的參考證據,很值
得支持。」
• 劉彥方,〈瀕死經驗能否證明靈魂存在—回應關啟
文〉, 2017 。
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Intellectual beauty

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https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/18-06sc-linear-algebra-fall-2011/
Course design of UGFN1000
• Part I. The pursuit of truth
• Part II. What are we?
• Part III. Chinese vs. Western worldview
– Text 9a: Needham, The Shorter Science and
Civilisation in China
– Text 9b: 《黃帝內經》
– Text 10a: Nathan Sivin, ‘Why the Scientific Revolution
Did Not Take Place in China – or Didn’t it?’
– Text 10b: 沈括:《夢溪筆談》
– Text 11a: Dunham, The Mathematical Universe
– Text 11b: Euclid, Elements
9
Core Question

Can Chinese science be


complementary to modern science?

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Why study Chinese science?
• Chinese cultural heritage (Area A )
– Some of the essential characteristics of Chinese culture
– Daily life, e.g. Chinese medicine, feng shui, etc.
• How did culture influence the development of
science?
• By comparing the histories of Western science and
Chinese science, what is the nature of modern
science?
• Any complementary approach of understanding
Nature? 11
Joseph Needham (1900-1995)
李約瑟,字丹耀,別號十宿道人、勝冗子
Needham [h does not make sound]
• Received bachelor’s (1921), master’s (Jan
1925) and doctoral (Oct 1925) degrees from
Cambridge University.
• Then worked at Cambridge, specialising in
embryology 胚胎學 and morphogenesis 形態
生成 .
• Married to biochemist Dorothy Moyle ( 李大 1900-1995
Credit: Needham Research Institute
斐 ), both elected to be Fellows of Royal
Society
12
Chongqing
1946

• 1936: Three Chinese scientists, Lu Gwei-djen ( 魯桂珍 ),


Wang Ying-lai ( 王應睞 ), and Chen Shi-chang ( 沈詩章 )
came to work with him.
• Lu (1904–91), daughter of a Nanjingese pharmacist, taught
him Chinese, ignited his interest in China’s technological
and scientific past.
• Why was Needham interested in Chinese science?
– The Needham Question (Text 10!)
13
Joseph Needham in his biochemistry lab in Cambridge, England in the
14
nineteen-thirties. (Credit: Needham Research Institute)
• He collaborated with the historian Wang Ling ( 王玲 ), who
solidified his passion for Chinese scientific history.
• Wrote his first book on the history of Chinese technology in 1945,
titled Chinese Science.
• Devoted much energy to the history of Chinese science until his
retirement in 1990, even though he continued to teach biochemistry
until 1966.
• Popularized the Four Great Inventions by China: compass, printing,
gunpowder, paper-making.
• Rediscovered the history and the significance of science in ancient
China.
「命運使我以一種特殊的方式皈依到中國文化價
值和中國文明這方面來。」《李約瑟文集》
15
(~Fate made me become a convert to Chinese culture and civilization.)
Science and Civilisation in China 《中國科學技術史》
• Initiated, edited by Needham, in
collaboration with others
• Published 7 volumes, 25 parts so
far, since 1954
• Project continuing under Needham
Research Institute, Cambridge
University
• VOL. II. History of Scientific
Thought. Joseph Needham, with
the research assistance of Wang
Ling (1956)
(The Shorter Science and
Civilisation in China Vol. 1.)

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Text 9a
• Joseph Needham, The
Shorter Science and
Civilisation in China Vol. 1.
Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1978.
• An abridged version by Colin
A. Ronan.
• Part of Chapter 10.
17
Three foci in Text 9a

1. Five
elements

2. yin-yang

3. Associative
thinking
Text 9b 《黃帝內經》
• Text 9b 選自《黃帝內經今義》(陳九
如著,林伯欣編, 2013 )第一章:陰陽
五行
• 《黃帝內經》簡稱《內經》,彙集成書
於戰國 ( 前 5 世紀~前 221 年 ) 與漢朝
( 前 202 年 - 220 年 ) 之間,是現存最
早的中醫學文獻典籍,中醫學發展的基

• 包括《素問》和《靈樞》兩部分,各八
十一篇
• 偽託黃帝和歧伯等人對話的形式寫成
– 帝曰:何謂所勝?歧伯曰:春勝長夏、長夏
勝冬、冬勝夏、夏勝秋、秋勝春。 (1.6)
– [ 黃帝曰: ] 陰陽者,天地之道也 (1.1)
• 陰陽: (1.1) - (1.14)
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• 五行: (1.15) - (1.28)
素問
生氣通天論篇第三 (1.9), (1.11)
金匱真言論篇第四 (1.6), (1.7)
陰陽應象大論篇第五 (1.1), (1.2), (1.3), (1.5), (1.10), (1.12), (1.13), (1.15),
(1.19), (1.20), (1.21), (1.22), (1.23)
陰陽離合論篇第六 (1.4)
陰陽別論篇第七 (1.14)
六節藏象論篇第九 (1.16)
五藏生成篇第十 (1.17)
玉機真藏論篇第十九 (1.24)
藏氣法時論篇第二十二 (1.26), (1.28)
寶命全形論篇第二十五 (1.25)
離合真邪論篇第二十七 (1.27)
六微旨大論篇第六十八 (1.18)

靈樞
論疾診尺第七十四 (1.8)

* Text 9b 中的條目編號(如「 1.1 」)和篇名後的數字(如「第 20


五」)皆為《黃帝內經今義》所無, 是本課程所加
This lecture
• 元氣論:萬物生成之本
• 陰陽:萬物變化之道
• 五行:萬物制衡之理
• 中西自然觀比較

• Be prepared…
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Pangu Kaitian 盤古開天
• A popular Chinese myth about
the origins of the universe
• In the beginning, the universe
was like an egg, called hundun
混沌
• Pangu 盤古 was born and
slept in it
• After 18,000 years, he woke
up…

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23
Pangu Kaitian 盤古開天
• Breath  Wind + Clouds
• Voice  Thunder
• Left eye  Sun
• Right eye  Moon
• Body  Mountains
• Blood  Rivers + Oceans
• Muscles  Soil
• Skin  Plants
• Teeth + Bones  Stones
• Sweat  Rain
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元氣論
• Pangu Kaitian 盤古開天 reflects a general explanatory
pattern for the universe
• The wholeness of the universe is rooted in its emergence
out of such oneness
• 人與天地萬物為一體 ( 萬物一體的思维 (1.15 按語 ))
– 元氣論:古人認為天人都由一氣所化,遵循共同的生化規律和
運動法則  以天例人 (1.5, 1.7 按語 )
• Everything emerging from this unity  “differentiation of
things”. But how?
• 元氣論:天地萬物為一「氣」所化,分化過程以陰陽五
行解釋  陰陽二氣、五行之氣
• 透過陰陽五行解釋萬事萬物的變化和關係
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Pangu Kaitian
盤古開天
• The diversification of the
universe happens through
the interaction of two
forces:
– Light and heavy
– Clear and turbid
– Light and dark
– …
• 「積陽為天,積陰為地」
(1.2)
• Yang ( 陽 ) and Yin ( 陰 )
– More general and abstract
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This lecture
• 元氣論:萬物生成之本
• 陰陽:萬物變化之道
• 五行:萬物制衡之理
• 中西自然觀比較

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陰陽
• 本義:陰陽二氣
– 中國古代思想家認為,宇宙由陰陽二氣構成,它們不
停地運動變化是世界存在的原因
– 「陰陽者,萬物之能始也」 (1.3)
• 引申義:「陰陽」代表的是一組矛盾 [ 對立 ] 而
共生的概念,藉以描述宇宙間萬物生息、諸事變
化的規律 ( 導讀 )
• 「陰陽者,天地之道也,萬物之綱紀,變化之父
母,生殺之本始…治病必求於本。」 (1.1)
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陰陽
• 兩個既對立但又必須同時存在的相對概念
• 陰:水、月、地、女、腹、靜 …
• 陽:火、日、天、男、背、躁…
• 「水火者,陰陽之徵兆也」 (1.3)

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「以…而
言」

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• 陰陽 ( 導讀 )
– 「相對而非絕對」的概念
– 動態且相對變化的分類概念
60℃ 10℃
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32
「陰中有陰,陽中有陽」 (1.6)
「陰中有陰,陽中有陽」 (1.6)

Text 9a

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「陰平陽秘,精神乃治。陰陽離決,精氣乃絕 」 (1.11)

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天人相應
• 古人認為天人都由一氣所化,遵循共同的生化規律和運動法則(以
天例人),天地萬物與人可以通過「氣」聯通起來(即「感應」 /
“induction effect” or “mysterious resonance” in Text 9a )
• 氣可分類為陰陽、五行,同類的氣彼此之間具有「感應」親和關
係,所謂「同類相動」
• Things influence one another not by mechanical causes but by a kind of
induction effect.” (9a par. 33)
• Tung Chung-Shu, Chhun Chhiu Fan Lu (String of Pearls on the
Spring and Autumn Annals) ‘Things of the Same Genus Energise
Each Other’ 董仲舒《春秋繁露》〈同類相動篇〉 (9a par. 35)
• All things reject what is different [to themselves] and follow what is
akin. Thus it is that if [two] chhi are similar, they will coalesce; if
notes correspond they resonate. The kung note or the shang note
struck upon one lute will be answered by the kung or the shang
notes from other stringed instruments. They sound by themselves.
There is nothing miraculous, but the Five Notes being in relation;
they are what they are according to the Numbers [whereby the
world is constructed].
• 百物去其所與異,而從其所與同。故氣同則會,聲比則應,其
驗皦然也。試調琴瑟而錯之。鼓其宮,則他宮應之;鼓其商,
而他商應之。五音比而自鳴,非有神,其數然也。

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37
Resonance
天人相應
• 古人認為天人都由一氣所化,遵循共同的生化規律和運動法則(以
天例人),天地萬物與人可以通過「氣」聯通起來(即「感應」 /
“induction effect” or “mysterious resonance” in Text 9a )
• 氣可分類為陰陽、五行,同類的氣彼此之間具有「感應」親和關
係,所謂「同類相動」
• Things influence one another not by mechanical causes but by a kind of
induction effect.” (9a par. 33)
• 「天有陰陽,人亦有陰陽。天地之陰氣起,而人之陰氣應之而起」
董仲舒 (179–104 BC) 《春秋繁露》〈同類相動篇〉 (Text 9a par.
28)
天地
陰陽 陰陽

感應 / 相
天地 通 人
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This lecture
• 元氣論:萬物生成之本
• 陰陽:萬物變化之道
• 五行:萬物制衡之理
• 中西自然觀比較

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Five elements 五行
< 尚書 鴻範篇 > (3rd Century B.C.)
五行:一曰水,二曰火,三曰木,四曰金,五曰土。水曰
潤下,火曰炎上,木曰曲直,金曰從革,土爰稼穡。潤下
作鹹,炎上作苦,曲直作酸,從革作辛,稼穡作甘。

水 濕潤 , 滴下 , 下降
火 炎熱 , 焚如 , 上升
木 能夠作成彎曲和直的東西
金 隨意熔鑄成各種器具
土 種植出農作物
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取象比類 / 類比思維
• 「取象」即是從事物的形象(形態、功能、性質)中找出能反映
本質的特有徵象
• 「比類」,即是以陰陽五行各自的抽象屬性為基準,與某種事物
所特有的徵象相比較,以確定其陰陽五行歸屬
• “Modern scholars have called this kind of mental approach
‘associative thinking’ or ‘co-ordinative thinking’. (9a par. 33)

陰陽 association
事物
五行
可見
不可見
「人體之陰陽不可見,病則見」 (1.3 詞解 3)
五行 特性和引申 五臟 特性和功能
木 特性:向上、向四周生長 肝 肝喜條達(調暢、通達、舒展),
引申為生長、生發、條達、舒暢 有疏泄氣血、調暢氣機的功能
的特性
火 特性:向上、高溫、炎熱 心 心主血脈,具有推動氣血、溫煦
引申為溫熱、向上升騰的特性 的功能
土 特性:有生育、牧養的特點 脾 脾主運化,為後天氣血生化之源
取象比類 / 類比思維
• 「取象」即是從事物的形象(形態、功能、性質)中找出能反映
本質的特有徵象
• 「比類」,即是以陰陽五行各自的抽象屬性為基準,與某種事物
所特有的徵象相比較,以確定其陰陽五行歸屬
五行 特性和引申 五臟 特性和功能
木 特性:向上、向四周生長 肝 肝喜條達(調暢、通達、舒展),
引申為生長、生發、條達、舒暢 有疏泄氣血、調暢氣機的功能
的特性
火 特性:向上、高溫、炎熱 心 心主血脈,具有推動氣血、溫煦
引申為溫熱、向上升騰的特性 的功能
土 特性:有生育、牧養的特點 脾 脾主運化,為後天氣血生化之源
引申為生化、承載的特性
金 特性:金屬可鑄造成各種器具 肺 肺主呼吸,有肅降作用
引申為肅殺、變革、下降、潔淨
的特徵
水 特性:朝低處流、寒涼、滋潤 腎 腎主水液,具有調節水液代謝的
引申為寒涼、趨下、滋潤的特性 功能
Five elements 五行
• “Five Elements”, “Five Agents”,
“Five Phases” wuxing 五行
• Not confused with chemical elements.
• Five powerful forces in continuous cyclical
motion.
• Five “symbols”!
• Water w 水 , Wood W 木 , Fire F 火 , produces
conquers
Metal M 金 , Earth E 土 (9a par. 14)
• Mutual Production Order 相生序
Wood  Fire  Earth  Metal  Water
• Mutual Conquest Order 相剋序
Wood  Metal  Fire  Water  Earth
Chinese Medicine
- Normal state: dynamical balance of
Yin and Yang.
Illness = imbalance.
Therapy = restoring balance.
- Organs act as parts of a unified
system; 5 connected subsystems
五行
• 心火功能獨盛,肺金就會受
到邪氣的侵害,多有咳喘、
喉燥、胸中熱等等
• 相乘 ( 過度制約 ) (1.16 按
語) 45
• 「制則生化 」 (1.18)
Associative thinking
• Associative thinking (9a) / 取象比類 (9b) (1.5 按語 )
• “…the Five Elements were believed to lie behind every
substance and every process. With these Five Elements
were associated or correlated everything in the universe
susceptible of a fivefold arrangement.” (9a par. 30)
• 如果瀏覽浩如煙海的歷代中醫著作,便會發現這種類
比的運用,在中醫基礎理論的構建與實際治療方法的
創制中比比皆是。 ( 廖育群 )

46
• (1.19) – (1.23): 參考五行歸類表
• 這種聯繫是古人從觀察與體驗正常功能
和病變情況所得出的結論 (1.17 按語 )
• 肝與目
47
經絡學說
中醫的經絡,是指聯繫全身、運行氣血的通路,它們縱橫交叉,循
行於人體內外,組成了一個有機聯繫的系統…現代解剖學並不能在
人體上找到這些經絡、腧穴存在的絲毫蹤跡

Acupuncture
針灸

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天人相應:四時與疾病
• 「夫邪氣之客於身也,以勝相加…至其所不勝而甚…
自得其位而起。」 (1.28)
• 本節主要運用五行生尅的理論,來說明四時氣候的影
響與疾病死生的關係 (1.28 按語 )


「自得其位而起」:好轉
肝病「起於春」 ( 詞解
春 5) 木

金 肝

秋 「所不勝而甚」:惡化
肝病「甚於秋」(金尅木) ( 詞解 3)
This lecture
• 元氣論:萬物生成之本
• 陰陽:萬物變化之道
• 五行:萬物制衡之理
• 中西自然觀比較

50
Chinese vs. Greeks (Democritus)
• 9a par. 37: “…there are two ways of advancing from
primitive truth.
One was the way taken by some of the Greeks: to refine
the ideas of causation in such a way that one ended up with
a mechanical explanation of the universe, just as
Democritus 德謨克利特 did with his atoms.
The other way is to systematise the universe of things and
events into a structural pattern which conditioned all the
mutual influences of its different parts.”
• The other way: Chinese

51
Atomism: Democritus (fl. 410 BC)
– The world consists of an infinity of tiny atoms
Democrit
moving randomly in an infinite void.
us
– These atoms, solid corpuscles too small to be seen.
– Their motions, collisions and transient
configurations  Great diversity of substances
and complex phenomena.
– Reality as a lifeless piece of machinery.
– This mechanistic worldview fell out of favor with
Plato (427-348/47 BC) and Aristotle (384-322 BC).
– Rebirth: Galileo (1564-1642), Descartes (1596-
1650), Newton (1642-1727).

52
Culture and the understanding of nature
(9a par. 37)

Primitive truth

Chinese
 to systematise the universe of things Greek (Democritus)
and events into a structural pattern  to refine the ideas of causation in
which conditioned all the mutual such a way that one ended up with a
influences of its different parts mechanical explanation of the universe

Induction effect, Mechanical cause and effect


元氣論 mysterious resonance,
organic concept, Physicalism 53
associative thinking
總結
• 元氣論:萬物生成之本
• 陰陽:萬物變化之道
– 天人相應、同類相動
• 五行:萬物制衡之理
– 取象比類 / 類比思維
• 中西自然觀比較

天地
陰陽 association
人 取象比類 事物
五行
可見
不可見 54
Questions to ponder…
• How did ancient Chinese understand nature?
• Does science in ancient China have modern implications?
Contributions to modern science?
• Did Needham exaggerate Chinese achievements in science
and technology?
• Was the Chinese view of nature primitive?
• Needham’s Question: Why did modern science emerge in
Western Europe rather than in China, despite the earlier
predominance of Chinese science and technology?

55
Major references
• Peng Yoke Ho, Li, Qi and Shu: An Introduction to Science and Civilization in China. Hong Kong: Hong
Kong University Press, 1985.
何丙郁、何冠彪著,《中國科技史槪論》,香港:中華書局, 1983 。
• Ted J. Kaptchuk, Chinese Medicine: The Web That Has No Weaver. London: Rider, 2000.
• David C. Lindberg, The Beginnings of Western Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.
• Joseph Needham and Colin A. Ronan, The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China: An Abridgement
of Joseph Needham’s Original Text, Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978.
• Simon Winchester, The Man Who Loved China: The Fantastic Story of the Eccentric Scientist Who
Unlocked the Mysteries of the Middle Kingdom. New York: Harper, 2008.
賽門・溫契斯特著,潘震澤譯,《愛上中國的人:李約瑟傳》,臺北 : 時報文化, 2010 。
• Robin R. Wang, Yinyang: The Way of Heaven and Earth in Chinese Thought and Culture. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2012.
• 陳九如著,林伯欣編,《黃帝內經今義》,新北市:正中書局, 2013 。
• 余英時,〈從價值系統看中國文化的現代意義〉,載於《知識人與中國文化的價值》,臺北 :
時報文化, 2007 。
• 余英時, 《論天人之際 : 中國古代思想起源試探》,臺北:聯經出版, 2014 。
• 陳昌駿編著,《圖解黃帝內經大全》,新北市 : 新文創文化, 2014 。
• 廖育群,《中國傳統醫藥》 ,北京:五洲傳播出版社, 2010 。
• 紫圖,《黃帝內經:中國 3000 年的醫學養生寶典》,臺北 :晨星, 2007 。
• 姚春鵬譯注,《黃帝內經 》 ( 全本全注全譯叢書 ) ,北京 : 中華書局, 2010 。
中國醫學的世界觀
講者:吳梓新博士 (Ng Chi Sun)
• 兩種宇宙觀(中西比較)
• 《周易》:陰陽概念的起源
• 元氣論:萬物生成之本
• 陰陽:萬物變化之道
• 五行:萬物制衡之理
• 陰陽五行在中醫中的運用
1) Login to KEEP at https://keep.edu.hk/ using your CUHK email address and CWEM Text 9 Needham
password.
2) Search for “UGFN” or enter this link: https://moodle.keep.edu.hk/course/view.php?
id=113
57
3) Self-enrol into the course for the first time with this self-enrolment key: ugfn1000
PASS session today
58

Peer Assisted Study Session


 PASS session: NZ (for UGFN1000Z) (Cantonese)
 Date & time: 24 Mar (Fri) 15:30–16:30
 Venue: ERB_402
Let’s
!  PASS Leader: Aaron Yuen ( 袁尚成 )
PASS
Main discussion questions in PASS
What is “Yin Yang”? What are the characteristics and examples
1.

of “Yin Yang”?
What is “associative thinking”? How can it be applied to “Yin
2.

Yang”?
What is “induction effect”? How does it show the significant
3.

relationship between humans and nature?


Timetable of PASS: http://pass.oge.cuhk.edu.hk/
Discussion forum
Text Round Due date
5:Watson 2 2 Mar
6:Carson 2 16 Mar
8:Kandel 2 23 Mar
*7:Poincare* 3 30 Mar
9:Needham 3 13 Apr
10:Sivin/Shen 3 20 Apr
11:Dunham/Euclid; Ending No forum
Announcement
• Reading guide (original texts in Classic Chinese) and mini-dictionary
• Text 9b and its English translation (for reference) are available on the
UGFN1000Z Blackboard
• Quiz on Needham (Text 9a) and Neijing (Text 9b)
– Questions on Text 9a in English
– Questions on Text 9b in Chinese
• Scope of Text 9a
– Para. (25-27), 28-31, (32), 33-38, (39-40), 41-42
– Table 9 (pp. 210-211 (2nd edition) and pp. 208-209 (revised 2nd edition)) is for
reference only
• Scope of Text 9b
– 導讀 , 1.1-1.4, (1,5), 1.6-1.8, (1.9), 1.10-1.12, 1.15-1.23, 1.25-1.28, ( 小結 )
– 包括原文、語譯及按語,但不包括詞解,詞解只供參考
– 導讀 : 二、陰陽:“之後才逐漸演化成兩個既獨立”:將“獨立”改為“對
立”
– 導讀 : 二、陰陽:略去“既要視兩者擁有物質基礎的觀念,又要”
– 導讀 : 二、五行:略去“藉以說明宇宙萬物,都是由這五種基本物質與特性
的運行變化所構成”
– 1.19 : 略去“在人為道,在地為化,化生五味。道生智,玄生神,神在天為風

60
– 「五行歸類表」 (p. 50) 只供參考,不用背誦
Appendix:
(1.7) 的解說:「陽中之陽心也」
• 此處背字是與腹字上下相對而言,所以
背字可理解為胸腔部位 [ 即膈以上 ] ,腹
字可理解為腹腔部位 [ 即膈以下 ] 。

(程士德, 77 )
61
• 人體臟腑的陰陽屬性的區分,可從三個
方面判定。
• 一是根據臟腑總的生理功能特點確定,
由於五臟主貯藏精氣屬陰,六腑主傳化
水谷屬陽,此即《素問‧五臟別論》所
述:「所謂五藏者,藏精氣而不瀉
也」,「皆藏於陰象於地」;「六腑
者,傳化物而不藏」,「其氣象天」之
意。所以五臟為陰,六腑為陽。
• 二是以五臟所在的部位分陰陽,由於心
肺居於膈以上,故為陽;肝脾腎居於膈
以下,故為陰。 62
• 三是以各臟的生理特徵、五行屬性和所
旺之時為依據,區分五臟之陰陽屬性。
– 由於心位居上焦胸中,屬火喜動,外應於
夏,故為陽中之陽;
– 肺位居上焦胸中,屬金主肅降,外應於秋,
故為陽中之陰;
– 腎位居下焦腹部,屬水主藏精,外應於冬,
故為陰中之陰;
– 肝位居下焦腹部,屬木主升發,外應於春,
故為陰中之陽;
– 脾位居膈下,屬土,外應長夏,由陽入陰之
季,主運化,故為陰中之至陰。
63

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