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Bobath Approach
Bobath Approach
MADHU
BOBATH APPROACH
histroy
Goals
1. To retrain normal, functional patterns of movement in
adult stroke patients.
2. Therefore it is essential to normalise the abnormal tone.
3. The training of normal movement patterns includes the
activation of postural responses that must be available on
an automatic level for functioning, re education of muscles
for weight bearing and non weight bearing function.
4. Permanent reduction of abnormal tone is possible only if
involved side moves in normal patterns of coordination.
The following principles of treatment apply to all NDT/Bobath
treatment activities :
1. Treatment should avoid movements and activities that
increase muscle tone or produce abnormal responses in the
involved side.
2. Treatment should be directed towards the development of
normal patterns of posture and movement, patterns selected
are not based on the developmental sequence but important
for function.
3. The hemiplegic side should be incorporated into all treatment
activities to reestablish symmetry and increase functional use.
4. Treatment should produce a change in the quality of
movement and functional performance of the involved side.
Evaluation and treatment
planning
Abnormal patterns of posture and movement must be eliminated through the
treatment because they prevent the patient from regaining normal function on
his involved side. They are:
Abnormal tone :
1. Present in almost all patients with central nervous system(CNS).
2. Normal tone is necessary for the production of normal movement.
3. Muscle must high enough to allow movement against the pull of the gravity but
low enough to allow normal speed and timing of the movement.
4. Flaccid limbs feel heavy and floppy and relaxed.
5. Placing responses are not present.
6. Spasticity produces stiff limbs and spastic muscles resist movement and placing
responses may assist if the movement is in direction towards shortening of
spastic muscles.
7. Hemiplegic patients frequently have hypertonic extremities with hypotonic
trunk.
8. Movements are limited to mass patterns of flexion or extension.
9. Certain activities and positions may increase the abnormal tone (including
associated reaction)
Loss of postural control
The stroke patient has lost control of the system of postural
adjustments that forms “ the necessary background for normal
movement and for functional skills”.
Normal postural reactions help to control the positions of body
against gravity (includes righting reactions or equilibrium
reactions).
Postural reactions are associated with changes preceding and
accompanying functional movement (including weight shifts).
They occur automatically.
Postural control is a central neuronal mechanism and is
disrupted when there is loss of motor control of involved side.
Loss of postural control can facilitate compensatory strategies.
Abnormal co-ordination
Abnormal coordination, resulting in inefficient, non functional
extremity such that coordination should be there between
agonist, antagonist, synergist and fixation.
Reciprocal inhibition is essential for smooth movement.
Skilled activities have normal sequences of muscular activity
and are not produced with conscious attention i.e., CNS has
motor programs stored in it.
In the stroke patient, the timing, sequencing and coordination
of muscle activation are distributed.
This leads to abnormal patterns of limb movement and
coordination (patient exhibits abnormal synergies, co-
contraction, abnormal timing needs conscious attention,
excessive effort to produce any movement on affected side).
Abnormal functional performance:
Patients loose the ability to integrate the sides of his body to
perform functional tasks in normal ways(including gait, lifting
and carrying objects etc).
Coordination between both sides is lost.
Even though one side of the body is unaffected by the stroke,
the patient is unable to use his “good” side normally, because
normal movement patterns require interaction and
coordination between the two sides of the body.
Compensatory techniques tend to increase the patient’s
orientation toward his sound side, they may increase both
postural asymmetry and neglect of the involved side.
Compensatory techniques cannot fulfill all the functional tasks
of activities of daily living.
Assessment