Operational

Amplifier Parameters
 Outline
• Introduction
• Block diagram of op-amp
• Pinout of 741
• Ideal op amp
• Small signal equivalent circuit of op amp
• Transfer characteristic of op amp
• Op amp parameters in detail
• Frequency response
• Op amp configurations
• Originally invented in early 1940s using vacuum tube
technology
– Initial purpose was to execute math operations in analog electronic
calculating machines
• Shrunk in size with invention of transistor
• Most now made on integrated circuit (IC)
– Only most demanding applications use discrete components
• Huge variety of applications, low cost, and ease of mass
production make them extremely popular
Open loop open loop Op Amp
Op amp parameters
Small signal Model
equivalent model
Op amp parameters
Common mode rejection ratio
Input offset voltage
Input Bias Current
Input Impedance
Input offset current
Slew Rate
Slew Rate
Example
Ideal Op-amp Approximation
• Because of the extremely high voltage gain, high
input resistance, and low output resistance of an
op-amp, we use the following ideal assumptions:
– The saturation limits of v0 are equal VPOS & VNEG
– If (v+ - v-) is slightly positive, v0 saturates at +Vsat; if
(v+ - v-) is slightly negative, v0 saturates at -Vsat
– If v0 is not forced into saturation, then (v+ - v-) must
be very near zero and the op-amp is in its linear
region (which is usually the case for negative
feedback use)
– The input resistance can be considered infinite
allowing the assumption of zero input currents
– The output resistance can be considered to be zero,
which allows vout to equal the internal voltage v0
• The idealized circuit model of an op-amp is
shown at the left-bottom figure
• The transfer characteristic is shown at the left-top
• Op-amps are typically used in negative feedback
configurations, where some portion of the output
is brought back to the negative input v-