Module-4

Operational Amplifiers (OPAMP)

Introduction, Characteristics,
Parameters
 Outline of Presentation
• What is an Op-Amp?
• Characteristics of Ideal and Real Op-
Amps
• Common Op-Amp Circuits
• Applications of Op-Amps
• References
 What is an Op-Amp?
• An Operational Amplifier (known as an “Op-
Amp”) is a device that is used to amplify a
signal using an external power source
• Op-Amps are generally composed of:
– Transistors, Resistors, Capacitors

= + +
 Pin Diagram of 741 OpAmp
• Leading to the advent of the modern IC which is still used even today
(1967 – present)

Fairchild μA741 Electrical Schematic of μA741

 Op-Amps and their Math
A traditional Op-Amp:
V+ : non-inverting input
V- : inverting input
Vout : output
Vs+ : positive power supply
Vs- : negative power supply

Vout = K (V+ - V-)

• The difference between the two inputs voltages (V+ and V-) multiplied by the gain (K,
“amplification factor”) of the Op-Amp gives you the output voltage

• The output voltage can only be as high as the difference between the power supply (Vs+ / Vs-
)and ground (0 Volts)
 Saturation
Saturation is caused by increasing/decreasing the input
voltage to cause the output voltage to equal the power
supply’s voltage*
Vout The slope is normally much steeper than it
is shown here. Potentially just a few milli-
VS+ volts (mV) of change in the difference
between V+ and V- could cause the op-
Slope = K (“gain of Op- amp to reach the saturation level
Amp”)

Vin
* Note that saturation level of
traditional Op-Amp is 80% of supply
VS- voltage with exception of CMOS op-
amp which has a saturation at the
power supply’s voltage
Saturation
Points
 An Ideal Op-Amp
• Infinite open loop voltage gain
• Infinite input impedance
• Zero output impedance
• Infinite bandwidth
• Infinite Slew Rate
• Infinite common mode rejection ratio (CMRR)
• Zero input offset voltage (i.e., exactly zero out if zero in).
Note: for practical OPAMP, “infinite” term will be replaced by
“very high” and “zero” will be replaced by “very low”

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/opamp.html#c4
 Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR):
It is the ratio of differential gain (ADM) and
common mode gain (ACM).
CMRR=ADM/ACM
CMRR in dB=20log(ADM/ACM)

Prob. Calculate common mode gain of one OPAMP

if differential gain is 106 and CMRR is 80dB.
 Slew Rate (SR)
It is the rate of change of output voltage with
respect to time.
Unit of Slew Rate is Volt/microSec.
741 OPAMP having a typical value of SR of
0.6V/microSec.
Slew rate=dV0/dt
 OPAMP Application
Inverting Amplifier:
Analysis:

For OPAMP,
Vo=K(V1-V2)
Since the gain K is close to infinity,
V1-V2=0, i.e. V1=V2. Since the non inverting terminal
connected to GND (0V), hence the voltage at node X
i.e. Vx=0V. Since the node X is not actually grounded
but it’s potential Vx=0, this is called Virtual ground.
 Inverting Amplifier Analysis
Applying KCL at Node X:
I1=I0
=> (Vin-Vx)/R1=(Vx-Vo)/Rf
Since node X is at virtual
ground i.e. Vx=0, after simplification:
Vo=-(Rf/R1)Vin
=> Gain (Av)=V0/Vin=-Rf/R1
Since there is a change in sign (-), the amplifier is
called inverting amplifier. Change in sign indicates a
phase shift of 180’
 Non-inverting Amplifier
Analysis:
Applying KCL:
I1=If
(0-V2)/R1 = (V2-Vo)/Rf
Since V1=V2=Vin
Putting this and
simplifying:
Gain=(1 + Rf/R1)
Vo=(1 + Rf/R1)Vin
Summing Amplifier (Adder)

If R1=R2=R3=R
Thank You