Practical Non - Inverting Amplifier

Practical Non - Inverting Amplifier

Voltage follower
 Voltage follower
• Output voltage is equal to input voltage both
in magnitude and phase.
• Output voltage follows the input voltage.
• Its input impedance is high and output
impedance is zero.
• Used as a buffer for impedance matching, to
connect high impedance source to low
impedance load.
 Differential Amplifier

Nodal equation at ‘a’

Differential Amplifier
 Difference mode and common mode
gains
• If both the input voltages are ZERO then the
output voltage will be ZERO from eqn 2.30.
• But practically op amp exhibits some small
response common mode component of the
input voltages too.
• The output voltage depends upon the
difference signal Vd at the input and the
average voltage of the input signals, called
COMMON-MODE Signal Vcm.
Difference mode and common mode
gains
•Because of the mismatch, the gain at the output w.r.t
positive terminal is slightly different in magnitude to that
of a negative terminal.
•Even with same voltage applied to the inputs, the output
is not Zero.
Difference mode and common mode
gains
 Common Mode Rejection Ratio
(CMRR)
• The relative sensitivity of an op amp to a
difference signal compared to common mode
signal is called common mode rejection ratio.

• Expressed in decibels (dB)

• Higher the value of CMRR , better is an op
amp.
 Op Amp Internal circuits
• Consists of 4 cascaded blocks
• The first two blocks are cascaded differential
amplifiers to provide high gain and high input
impedance.
• The third stage is a buffer as well as a level
shifter.
 Op Amp Internal circuits
• The buffer is an emitter follower and provides
high input impedance.
• The level shifter adjusts the dc voltage so that
output voltage is zero for zero inputs.
• The output stage is designed to provide low
output impedance a demanded by an ideal op
amp.
 DC Characteristics
• Input bias current
• Input offset current
• Input offset voltage
• Thermal Drift
 Input bias current

•Input of op amp is a differential amplifier made up of

BJT or FET.
•Ideally input currents are zero
•Practically input terminals do conduct small current to
bias the input transistors.
 Input bias current

•Manufacturers specify input bias currents as the

average of base currents entering the input.
 Bias Current Compensation
• The bias current of a bipolar op amp is 500nA or
less.
• If Vi is set zero , the output voltage is to be zero .
• Instead, output voltage is offset by

• This effect can be compensated using a

compensator resistor Rcomp
 Bias Current Compensation
• Rcomp is introduced between the non-inverting
terminal and the ground.
• Bias current IB+ flowing through the Rcomp
develops voltage V1 in it.
Bias Current Compensation
Bias Current Compensation
 Input Offset Current
• Bias current compensation works only if both
the currents IB+ and IB- are equal.
• But most of the case these two currents will
not be same , this difference of bias currents
are called as OFFSET CURRENT IOS

• Offset current for BJT op amp is 200nA and for

FET op amp is 10pA.
Input Offset Current
Input Offset Current
Offset Current Compensation
 Offset Current Compensation
– Unfortunately to obtain high input impedance, R1 must be
kept large.
– R1 large, the feedback resistor Rf must also be high. So as to
obtain reasonable gain.
• The T-feedback network is a good solution.
This will allow large feedback resistance, while
keeping the resistance to ground low (in
dotted line).
– The T-network provides a feedback signal as if the network
were a single feedback resistor. By T to Π conversion,
 Offset Current Compensation
– The T-network provides a feedback signal as if the network
were a single feedback resistor. By T to Π conversion,
 Input Offset Voltage
• Inspite of the use of the above compensating
techniques , Vo ≠ 0 with Vi = 0.
• This is due to unavoidable imbalances inside
the op-amp.
• The small voltage applied at the input
terminal to make output (Vo) = 0 is called
input offset voltage Vos.
 Input Offset Voltage
• The total output offset voltage VOT could be
either more or less than the offset voltage
produced at the output due to input bias
current (IB) or input offset voltage alone(Vos).
 Thermal Drift
• Bias current, offset current, and offset voltage
change with temperature.
• A circuit carefully nulled at 25ºC may not
remain. So when the temperature rises to
35ºC. This is called drift.
• Offset current drift is expressed in nA/ºC.
• These indicate the change in offset for each
degree Celsius change in temperature.
• Offset voltage drift is expressed in mV/ºC.
 AC Characteristics – Frequency
Response
• The manner in which the gain of the op-amp
responds to different frequencies is called the
frequency response.
• Ideally Op-amp should have an infinite bandwidth
Bw =∞.
• Practically the op-amp gain decreases (roll-off) at
higher frequency .
• This is due to the presence of capacitive
component in the equivalent circuit of an Op-
amp
AC Characteristics – Frequency
Response
 AC Characteristics – Frequency
Response
• Capacitance is due to physical characteristics
of the components (BJT or FET) and internal
components of the op amp.
• For an op-amp with only one break (corner)
frequency all the capacitors effects can be
represented by a single capacitor C.
• There is one pole due to R0 C and one -
20dB/decade.
 AC Characteristics – Frequency
Response
• The open loop voltage gain of an op-amp with
only one corner frequency is obtained

• f1 is the corner frequency or the upper 3 dB

frequency of the op-amp.
 AC Characteristics – Frequency
Response
• The magnitude and phase angle of the open
loop volt gain are fu of frequency can be
written as,

• For frequency f<< f1 the magnitude of the gain is 20 log AOL

in dB.
• At frequency f = f1 the gain in 3 dB down from the dc value of
AOL in dB. This frequency f1 is called corner frequency.
• For f>> f1 the fain roll-off at the rate off -20dB/decade or -
6dB/decade.
 AC Characteristics – Frequency
Response

•phase angle is zero at frequency f =0.

•At the corner frequency f1 the phase angle is -45 degree (lagging)
•At infinite frequency the phase angle is -90 degree
•A maximum of -90 degree phase change can occur in an op-amp
with a single capacitor C.
 AC Characteristics – Frequency
Response
• The practical op amp has number of
stages and each stage has capacitive
component.
• Thus due to number of RC pole pairs ,
there will be a number of different break
frequencies.
AC Characteristics – Frequency
Response
 Stability
• A circuit or a group of circuit connected
together as a system is said to be stable, if its
o/p reaches a fixed value in a finite time.
• Any system whose stability is to be
determined can represented by the block
diagram.
 Stability

• If characteristic equation is equal to zero ,

then the system is unstable.
 Stability
• Instabilility occurs when

• Also when closed loop gain is greater than open

loop gain.
• Th op amp produces 180 degree phase shift,
resistive feedback network phase shift is zero and
at higher frequency each corner frequencies
produces maximum phase shift of -90 degree.
Stability
 Slew Rate
• Slew rate is the maximum rate of voltage change that
can be generated by the op-amp’s output circuitry.
• It is measured as voltage relative to time
• The typical unit used in datasheets is volts per
microsecond (V/µs).
• A typical general purpose device may have a slew rate
of 10 V / microsecond.
• Low power op-amps may only have figures of a volt per
microsecond
• fast operational amplifiers capable to providing rates of
1000 V / µsecond.
Slew Rate