Modes of Heat

Transfer

B. M. Khaled
Lecturer
DAPPT, JUST
CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Modes of Heat Transfer
1. Conduction
2. Convection
3. Radiation
 Summary
 Introductio
n
 he a t always m oves f r om a
w a rmer place to a cooler place.
 h e a t objects in a cooler room will cool
to room temperature.
 Cold objects in a w a r m e r room
will
heat up to room temperature.
 heat is a f o r m of energy which passes
f r o m a body a t higher temperature t o
a body a t a lower temperature.
 Why we need heat transfer

A thermodynamic simply tells us

how much amount of heat transfer
from one equilibrium state t o
another equilibrium state.

If t w o bodies a t the same

temperature are in contact, there is
no net heat flow f r o m one body t o
the other .

This condition is known as thermal

equilibrium. The SI unit of heat is the
Joule (J).
Heat transfer plays m ajor rule design of m a n y
devices,such as radiators, solar collectors, various
components of power plants, even space craft.
Modes Of Heat Transfer
•tfeat can travel through a medium and also through
vacuum.

 Types Of Modes

1. Conduction

2. Convection

3. Radiation
What is Conduction?
f l ow of the particles arranged in a solid, a liquid and a gas?

solids liquids gases

• Conduction is the transfer of energy f r o m more energetic

particles of a substance t o adjacent less energetic ones result
of interaction between particles.

• I t can be Understood f r o m the Fourier law of Conduction

Why are metals good thermal
conductors?

There are delocalised electrons ( ‘ f r e e ’ elec t rons ) i n

metals
These free elec t rons can move freely t h r o u g h o u t t h e
metals
W hen h e a t e d , these f ree elec t rons ga in k i n e t i c e n e r g y
a n d move f ro m the h o t t e r end to the colder end ,
c a r r y i n g energy w i t h them.
This process is much faster t h a n c o n d u c t i o n by t h e
v i b r a t i o n of t h e molecules.
Conduction is the process by which heat is
transmitted through a medium from one
particle to another.
 Fourier law Of Conduction
In 1 8 2 2 Fourier postulated t h a t the rate of heat transfer is
proportional t o the temperature gradient present in a solid.
 Factors affecting thermal
conductivity
Thermal conductivity in materials depends on the
following factors:
(i) The temperature difference (aө) between
The ends of the conductor.
(Ii) the length of the conductor (l).
(Iii) the cross-section area(a) of the conductor.
(Iv) the nature of the material (k).
 Thermal conductivity in
solid
If you stir hot tea using a metal spoon, you will observe t h a t
the handle of the spoon becomes wa r m . Solids t h a t are good
conductors of heat (metals) use both a t o m vibration and free
electrons t o conduct heat.

Why liquids are poor conductors of

heat
This is ?because t h e r e are lar ge i n t e r - m o l e c u l a r
distances
b e t w e e n l i q u i d molecules.There are also f e w e r a n d r a r e
collisions b e t w e e n t h e molecules.
E l e c t r o l y t e s , e.g., S a l t s o l u t i o n are b e t t e r c o n d u c t o r s of
h e a t t h a n p u r e liquids because of an increased
compact ness of t h e p a r t i c l e s .

Thermal conductivity in gases

Gases are worse c o n d u c t o r s of h e a t because of lar ge
i n t e r - m o l e c u l a r distance.
What is Convection ?
What happens to the particles in a liquid or a gas when you
heat them?

--The particles spread out and become less dense.

convection heat transfer

 Convection is the process by which heat is
transmitted from one place to another by the
movement of heated particles of a gas or liquid.
Definition : Convection is the process by which heat is
transferred through fluids (liquids and gases).

When a liquid is heated, i t expands and this lowers its density.

The less dense liquid rises and its place is taken by more dense
colder liquid. This movement of liquid forms
convection currents.

Molecules in fluids are f u r th e r a p a r t and have negligible

cohesive force.

Convection currents are set up much faster in gases th a n in

liquids because of the extremely low cohesive forces existing
between the molecules of the gases.
Types of Convection :

1. Natural convection: Natural convection occurs whenever heat

flows between a solid and fluid, or between fluid layers.

As a result of heat exchange, Change in density of effective

fluid layers taken place, which causes upward flow of heated
fluid.

If this motion is associated w i t h heat transfer mechanism only,

then i t is called Natural Convection.

2. Forced convection: Mixing of hot and cold parts of the fluid

through some external stirring, like a fan or pump.

If this motion is associated by mechanical means such as

pumps,
gravity or fans, the movement of the fluid is enforced.

A n d in this case, we then speak of Forced convection

•During the day the sun heats the
land much faster than the sea.

•The air above the land is heated,

expands and rises.

•Cold air from the sea moves inland

to take its place.

• Hence, sea breeze is obtained.

•L
a
n
d

l
o
s
e
s
 Radıatıon
• Heat transfer through vacuum is called thermal
radiation. All bodies absorb and e m i t radiation.

A n electric bulb in a room produces both light and r adiant

heat. The radiant heat is absorbed by the materials in the
room, which in t u r n give out r adiant heat of lower energy.
Radiation is a method of heat transfer that
does not require any medium.

It can take place in a vacuum. In radiation,

heat transmits energy in the form of waves.

The heat energy from the sun is radiated to

us.
How Does Heat Travel Through Space?
The Earth is w a r m e d by heat energy f r o m the Sun.
how does this heat energy travel f r o m the Sun to the
Earth?

infrared
waves

There are no particles The heat travels to Earth by

between the Sun and the infrared waves. These are
Earth, so the heat cannot similar to light waves and
travel by conduction or by are able to travel through
convection. e m p t y space.
 Emission
Experiment

The shiny metal container would be the warmest after ten

minutes because its shiny surface reflects heat Radiation back
into the container so less is lost. The dull black container would
be the coolest because i t is the best a t e m i tti n g heat radiation.
 Radiation
Questions ?
Why are houses painted white in hot
countries?
White reflects heat radiation and
keeps the house cooler.

Why are shiny foil blankets wrapped

around ma r a th o n runners a t the end of a
race?
The shiny metal reflects the
heat radiation f r o m the
runner back in, this stops the
runner getting cold.
 Thermal Contact Resistance

Temperature distribution and heat flow lines along t w o solid plates

24
pressed against each other for the case of perfect and imperfect contact.
Summary
 Heat is a form of energy which flows as a result of
temperature difference between two regions.
 There are three modes of heat transfer
namely conduction,convection and radiation.
 In conduction and convection a material is
required
while in radiation,heat travels through a vacuum.
 Thermal conductivity depends on:
Temperature difference-the greater the temperature
difference the higher the rate of conduction.
Cross- sectional area-thicker materials conduct heat
faster than thin ones.