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Aptamers 210920094518
Aptamers 210920094518
TABLE OF CONTENT
Introduction
Properties
Aptamers production
Classification of Aptamers
Aptamers selection methods
COMPARISON
Advantages
Disadvantages
Applications
INTRODUCTION
Aptamers are oligonucleotides, such as ribonucleic acid (RNA) and
single-strand deoxyribonucleic acid (ssDNA) or peptide molecules that
can bind to their targets with high affinity and specificity due to their
specific three-dimensional structures.
Especially, RNA and ssDNA aptamers can differ from each other in
sequence and folding pattern, although they bind to the same target.
It is derived from
Latin word, aptus/apto – to fit and
In Greek, meros – part (Smallest Unit Of Repeating Structure)
Aptamers can be combined with ribozymes to self-cleave in the
presence of their target molecule. They range in size from 20 to 80 bases
(6-26kda).
PRODUCTION OF APTAMERS
Aptamers
Aptamer-Small Aptamer-NPs
Aptamer
molecule conjugated conjugated
SELEX
system system
Chemical Liposomes
Enzyme Non-Labile Gold NPs
Labile PLGA(Poly Lactic
labile linkers Linkers Nanoscale
linkers Co-Glycolic Acid)
Iron oxide
Polymer micelles
Mesoporous Dendrimers
silica NPs
Beta Serum Albumin NPs
Acid Disulfide Peptide Quantum
Glucuronide DNA NPs
cleavable linkers linkers Dots
linkers
CLASSIFICATION OF APTAMERS BASED ON STRUCTURE
APTAMERS
NUCLEIC AMINO
ACID ACID
Microfluidi
Conventional In
c based
Vitro SELEX
SELEX
Cell SELEX
A. CONVENTIONAL in vitro SELEX
SELEX or in vitro selection is a technique used to isolate aptamers with high affinity for a
given target from approximately 1012–1015 combinatorial oligonucleotide libraries.
In general, the SELEX process is comprised of three steps that are repeated in order to
search for nucleotides that are better able to bind to the target.
1. In the first step (library generation), a library, except the initial compound in the library,
is converted into single-strand nucleotides that consist of random sequence regions,
usually 30–40 mers, flanked by the primer binding site.
2. In the second step (binding and separation), the target-bound library components are
separated from the unbound components.
3. Finally, in the third step (amplification), the target-bound library component is amplified
by the PCR to create a new library to be used in the next round. Aptamers are
continuously developed through this on-going process, and their characteristics are
identified using various biological assays.
Conventional SELEX technique
b. Nitrocellulose Membrane Filtration-Based SELEX
Magnetic beads are also used to immobilize the target via an interaction or a
chemical reaction between an affinity tag and the substrate on the beads.
The use of magnetic beads is an especially powerful tool for easy and rapid
isolation of target-immobilized beads with a magnet.
aptamer selection has been involved in linking this magnetic bead-based strategy
to the SELEX technique. Particularly because the library bound to the target is
easily and simply separated from the unbound one by a magnet, many attempts
at selecting target specific aptamer have followed
MAGNETIC BEADS BASED SELEX
E. Capillary Electrophoresis-Based SELEX
Entire selection is a chemical process carried out in vitro Selection requires a biological system, therefore difficult
and can therefore target any protein . to raise antibodies to toxins (not tolerated by animal) or
non-immunogenic target.
Aptamers are single stranded DNA or RNA Antibodies are monoclonal or polyclonal.
oligonucleotide or peptides.
Applications of aptamers
1. Aptamers: as drug therapeutics:
Due to specific and tight affinity to target molecules, and low or no
immunogenicity and toxicity, aptamers are expected to be effective
therapeutics reagents.
In 2004, the approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of
Macugen, a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-specific aptamer,
for the treatment of neovascular (wet) age-related macular degeneration
(AMD), is a prominent landmark in the application of aptamers.
This drug is a pegylated aptamer, a single strand of nucleic acid with
specificity to VEGF165, which plays a critical role in angiogenesis and
permeability
Applications of aptamers
2. APTAMER: as DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM:
Aptamers that bind to internalized cell surface receptors have been exploited to deliver drugs and a variety of
other cargo into cells.
For example:
(a)The prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is an important prostate cancer marker. The dual aptamer
probe—an A10 aptamer for PSMA(+) prostate cancer cells, and a DUP-1 aptamer for PSMA(−) prostate cancer
cells—was invented, and a drug loaded dual aptamer complex was constructed by loading doxorubicin, an
anticancer drug, onto the A10 aptamer strand. As a result, the doxorubicin can be effectively introduced into
the prostate cancer cells.
(b) Design of an siRNA-aptamer conjugate via a modular streptavidin bridge using an antiPSMA aptamer for
prostate cancer cells (LNCaP).
Applications of aptamers
Peptide Aptamer C1-1 Hepatitis B virus Viral coat Protein Inhibit viral replication
by blocking capsid
formation.
REFERENCES
1. Kyung-Mi Song, Seonghwan Lee and Changill Ban; Aptamers and
Their Biological Applications; Sensors 2012, 12, 612-631;
doi:10.3390/s120100612
2. Muir, P.; Li, S.; Lou, S.; Wang, D.; Spakowicz, D.J.; Salichos, L.; Zhang,
J.; Weinstock, G.M.; Isaacs, F.; Rozowsky, J.; et al. The real cost of
sequencing: Scaling computation to keep pace with data generation.
Genome Biol. 2016, 17, 53.
3. Yu, Y.; Liang, C.; Lv, Q.; Li, D.; Xu, X.; Liu, B.; Lu, A.; Zhang, G.
Molecular selection, modification and development of therapeutic
oligonucleotide aptamers. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17, 358