ASSIGNMENT

COURSE- QUALITY - 410-P03-NA

TEAM C
SATNAM SINGH TEJI 22200742
VIREN KHARE 22301143
SEHAJPREET SINGH 22202154
CARLOS EDUARDO 22300665
MARILIA BRAGA 2220037
INSPECTION
Inspection
 The term “inspection” generally refers to the activity of
checking products.

 The quality inspector usually follows a pre-established checklist

that is based on the product specifications. Inspected products
can be the components used for production, semi-finished
goods, or (most often) finished goods before shipment to a
customer.

 Checking quality only at the end of production is very risky.

But you don’t have to wait until everything is done… As you
can see below.
Inspection
The three most common types of quality inspections

 There are mainly three tools at the disposal of buyers, to check on the quality of their suppliers’ products.
Each buyer should try to choose the solution(s) that best fit(s) her needs.

 Pre-Production Inspection

 “Garbage in, garbage out”: a factory usually cannot turn defective inputs (components, or raw materials)
into good products. And the problems are much harder to detect once the materials are embedded in the
final product.

 Thus, to decrease quality risks, the inputs can be inspected prior to production. Some samples can be taken
randomly and checked visually (or sent to a laboratory for tests). Also, the buyer should clearly define what
inputs are acceptable, before he gives any order.
Inspection - Pre-Production
 Usually, production has already started when a pre-
production inspection takes place. It allows the inspector to
examine the process, and sometimes to check a few finished
products. However, in this case, the factory might refuse to
stop production (to avoid disruption of the lines), even
though the inputs are not conforming or the process is not
satisfactory.

 Generally speaking, pre-production inspections are adapted

to customized and complex products. More standard items
should be inspected during production.
Inspection - During Production
 During Production Inspection

 Should a buyer wait until the end of production, before doing an inspection?
In case products are defective, the following problems might arise:

 The factory has to rework (loss of time).

 If the products cannot be repaired, the factory should re-order components,

and re-produce (which means long delays, and a financial loss for the factory).

 The supplier might refuse to repair or re-produce, particularly if the

previously-agreed specifications are ambiguous.
Inspection - During Production
 Typically, in an in-line inspection, the first products that
got out of the line are inspected for conformity. If issues
are raised at this stage, the factory can immediately
take some corrective actions and avoid delays.
 Also, based on the production start date and the number
of products already finished, the buyer can have a fair
idea about the shipment schedule.
Inspection - Final Random
 This is the most popular type of QC inspection for importers. It takes place once all the
products are finished and ready for shipment.
 Note: A “packed product” is ready for shipment (i.e. in a closed export carton with full
shipping marks). In many cases, the inspector accepts up to 20% of unpacked products
per reference. This way, the inspection can often take place without delaying the
shipment.
 The conformity of the products is checked against a list of criteria defined by the buyer
(product quantity, workmanship, function, safety, aspect, size, packing…).
 Buyers are advised to ask their inspectors to keep track of which cartons were opened.
This way, a 2nd “spot” inspection can give an idea of how seriously the control was
performed.
 Of the three inspections presented in this article, this is the only one where the total
quantity of products can be counted, and where samples of finished products can be
drawn in a truly random manner–and thus be representative of the whole batch.
Inspection - Final Random
 As a result, the results of final inspections are more reliable. And some
buyers assume that the inspectors should “guarantee” the quality of the
whole order quantity, when the inspection is passed. Unfortunately, it is
impossible for several reasons:

 After the inspection is done, and before shipment, many things can
happen. A dishonest factory can ship a smaller quantity, substitute the
content of the cartons, etc. There is a solution to avoid this: a container-
loading supervision.

 An inspection result (pass/fail) is not 100% reliable: even a random

sample might be better than the average products; the inspector might
make a mistake; an inspector might get bribed by the supplier, etc.

Ahmed, Nadeem, “Introduction to Three most Common types of Quality Inspections” Linkedin 30 sept 2017,
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/introduction-three-most-common-types-quality-nadeem-ahmed/
Inspection - non-compliant products
 Have you ever wondered what to do with out-of-spec products at the end of the
production line?
QUALITY CONTROL
 Quality Control: What It Is, How It Works

Quality control (QC) is a process through which a business seeks to ensure that product quality is maintained or
improved. Quality control requires the company to create an environment where management and employees
strive for perfection. This is done by training personnel, creating benchmarks for product quality, and testing
products to
check for statistically significant variations.ing process
of detecting and reucing or eliminating errors.

Hayes, adam. “Quality Control: What It Is, How It Works, and QC Careers?” Investopedia, investopedia, 16 aug. 2023,
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/q/quality-control.asp
 Quality Control: What It Is, How It Works
A significant aspect of quality control is the establishment of well-defined controls.
These controls help standardize both production and reactions to quality issues.
Limiting room for error by specifying which production activities are to be completed
by which personnel reduces the chance that employees will be involved in tasks for
which they do not have adequate training.
 Why Is QC Needed? And How Is It Done?

Creating a product is costly, time-consuming, and can be

unsafe without controls in place. Additionally, if a
company sends defective products out for purchase, it
could be held liable for injuries or issues that arise from
using its products.

Quality testing is generally completed in each step of a

manufacturing or business process. Employees often
begin by testing raw materials, pulling samples from the
manufacturing line, and testing the finished product.
Testing at the various stages of manufacturing helps
identify where a production problem is occurring and
the remedial steps it requires to prevent it in the future.
 Types of Quality Control

Just as quality is a relative word with many interpretations, quality control itself doesn’t have a
uniform, universal process. Some methods depend on the industry.

Process Control:
Control Charts: Processes are monitored
A graph or chart is used Process Protocol:
and adjusted to ensure Acceptance Sampling:
to study how processes A mapping methodology
quality and improve A statistical measure is
are changing over time. that improves the design
performance. This is used to determine if a
Using statistics, the and implementation
typically a technical batch or sample of
business and processes by creating
process using feedback products meets the
manufacturing processes evaluative indicators for
loops, industrial-level overall manufacturing
are analyzed for being each step.
controls, and chemical standard.
“in control.” processes to achieve
consistency.

By Simplilearn. “What Is Quality Control : Definition, Benefits, Examples, and Top Techniques Explained?” simplilearn, 23 dec. 2022, https://www.simplilearn.com/what-is-
quality-control-article
 Examples

In aircraft manufacturing, quality control and assurance is of

the utmost importance. Manufacturers are required to document,
. track, and inspect, and reinspect all items and phases of a build to
build evidence that everything is completed to very strict standards

In automobile manufacturing, quality control focuses on parts

meeting specifications and tolerances.
QC ensures engines, drive trains, and other mechanical parts .
operate smoothly, efficiently, safely, and as designed
 Statistical Process Contro
A STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEM (SPC) IS A METHOD OF
CONTROLLING A PRODUCTION PROCESS OR METHOD UTILIZING
STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES. MONITORING PROCESS BEHAVIOR,
IDENTIFYING PROBLEMS IN INTERNAL SYSTEMS, AND FINDING
SOLUTIONS TO PRODUCTION PROBLEMS CAN ALL BE ACCOMPLISHED
USING SPC TOOLS AND PROCEDURES.
 Quality Control Careers
QUALITY CONTROL CAN BE A FULFILLING JOB IF YOU ENJOY DEALING
WITH PEOPLE, TALKING, PRESENTING RESULTS, AND TRYING TO MAKE
THINGS BETTER AND SAFER. DEPENDING ON THE SECTOR, YOU MAY
NEED THE FOLLOWING QUALIFICATIONS TO WORK AS A QUALITY
CONTROL INSPECTOR:

HTTPS://WWW.GLASSDOOR.COM/CAREER/QUALITY-CONTROL-TECHNICIAN-CAREER_KO0,26.HTM
QUALITY ASSURANCE
Quality Assurance

WHAT IS QUALITY ASSURANCE:-

QUALITY SIMPLY MEANS FITNESS TO USE AND
CONFORMANCE TO REQUIREMENTS. QUALITY
ASSURANCE (QA) FOCUSES ON THE PROCESSES
UTILIZED IN THE PROJECT EFFICIENTLY TO
GENERATE QUALITY PROJECT DELIVERABLES. IT
INCLUDES THE FOLLOWING MEETING STANDARDS,
PROGRESSIVE ENHANCING PROJECT WORK AND
ELIMINATING PROJECT DEFECTS.
Quality assurance (compliance with
procedures)
 What is corrective action in quality
management?
Corrective action is a specific set of steps used in quality
management to eliminate process discrepancies and
prevent root cause recurrence. Corrective actions in the
workplace usually mean systematic changes performed
by assigned personnel to address work-related issues and
improve business operations. What is a Corrective Action
Plan?
 How to Create a corrective Plan
Creating a corrective action plan can seem to be a
daunting task at first, and the persons responsible
could benefit from ideas about where to begin.
  Step 1: Identify Organizational Goals
Essential The process of quality assurance starts by defining how employees’
jobs are tied to your company or organizations goals. Employees
Steps to need to know the organization’s mission, vision, values, how they
Implementing a relate to the company and their role in it.

Process of  Step 2: Identify Internal and External Customers

Quality Identify the key groups of customers that make your quality
Assurance assurance system work. Knowing these customers and their needs
can help you develop programs and services for these people.
Often customers are vendors, suppliers, employees, volunteers or
direct customers.
 Step 3: Select Quality Management Software
Select quality assurance software that not only helps you to
implement a quality assurance process, but also helps you
to maintain and improve the process.

 Step 4: Customer Feedback

Customer feedback is essential in the process of quality
assurance. Consistent customer feedback enables
organizations to detect and solve quality problems before it
become a serious issue.
 Step 5: Measure Results
Though there may be many reasons for implementing
a process of quality assurance, one of your main goals
is to ensure your organization meets the needs of
your customer. When an organization does not reach
this goal, it is difficult to show a positive ROI and the
existence of the organization is brought into question.

 Step 6: Implement Continuous Improvements

Quality assurance is synonymous with continuous
improvement. The results or information gleamed
from an organization’s survey or
other customer feedback tools must now be used to
make the necessary changes to the quality assurance
process.
TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT
 TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT
• An ongoing process of detecting and reducing or eliminating errors.
• Improve customer service, and ensure that employees are trained.
• The continual improvement of internal practices.
• All parties involved in the production process accountable for the overall quality of
the final product or service.
• focusing on customers.
• continually improving.
• adhering to processes.

Barone, adam. “What is total quality management (TQM), and why is it important?”
Investopedia, investopedia, 12 jan. 2023, https://www.Investopedia.Com/terms/t/total-
quality-management-tqm.Asp.
 QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
• Testing requirements expand in number and complexity
• Can help engineering teams integrate continuous testing across all
development stages in the process.
• A strong test management system not only helps your teams meet
project timelines without sacrificing quality
• Helps to get market faster while optimizing the quality of the end
product along the way.
 PROCESS APPROACH
The process approach is a method of thinking applying to understand and
plan the sequence and interactions of processes in the system.
It's a method to plan the processes and the interactions of these
processes as part of the management system.
The process approach is important to ISO 9001 as it places an overall
focus on all processes in the QMS.
This approach aims to iron out any inefficiencies, making it easier for your
organization to work on continual improvement.
 INTERNAL AUDITS
• Internal quality audits are conducted to ensure ongoing compliance with
requirements of the QMS standards
• This is accomplished by auditing against all important processes and
areas, and by applying all applicable sections of the standard.
• An internal audit is an important component to ensuring optimal
performance of a quality management system.
• These audits can assist in monitoring the system and checking that the
it is meeting conformance and standards.
 PDCA
TQM processes are often divided into the four sequential categories:

• PLAN
• DO
• CHECK
• ACT.
 PDCA
PLAN
Define the problem to be addressed
collect relevant data
ascertain the problem's root cause.

DO
Develop and implement a solution
decide upon a measurement to gauge its effectiveness.
 PDCA
CHECK
Confirm the results through before-and-after data comparison.

ACT
Document the results
Inform others about process changes
Make recommendations for the problem to be addressed in the next PDCA
cycle.

Wigmore, ivy. “What is pdca (plan-do-check-act)?: Definition from

techtarget.” Whatis.Com, techtarget, 15 apr. 2015,
https://www.Techtarget.Com/whatis/definition/pdca-plan-do-check-
act#:~:text=pdca%20(plan%2ddo%2dcheck%2dact%2c%20sometimes
%20seen,study%e2%80%93act%20(pdsa).
 References
Wigmore, ivy. “What is pdca (plan-do-check-act)?: Definition from techtarget.” Whatis.Com, techtarget, 15 apr. 2015,
https://www.Techtarget.Com/whatis/definition/pdca-plan-do-check-act

Barone, adam. “What is total quality management (TQM), and why is it important?” Investopedia, investopedia, 12 jan. 2023,
https://www.Investopedia.Com/terms/t/total-quality-management-tqm.Asp.

By Simplilearn. “What Is Quality Control : Definition, Benefits, Examples, and Top Techniques Explained?” simplilearn, 23 dec. 2022,
https://www.simplilearn.com/what-is-quality-control-article

Hayes, adam. “Quality Control: What It Is, How It Works, and QC Careers?” Investopedia, investopedia, 16 aug. 2023,
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/q/quality-control.asp

Ahmed, Nadeem, “Introduction to Three most Common types of Quality Inspections” Linkedin 30 sept 2017,
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/introduction-three-most-common-types-quality-nadeem-ahmed/