Counselling
Learning Objectives
By the end of this session, participants should be
able to;
Define counselling
List aims of counselling
Explain how personal beliefs and feelings can
affect interactions with clients
Describe the importance of Egan’s 3 Stage
model in HIV counselling
Explain 2 common pitfalls in HIV counselling
Definition
A structured conversation between one or more
people that assist clients to work through
particular problems or conflicts that they face
explore their feelings and find ways to resolve or
cope with them
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Aims of Counselling
Counselling helps clients to:
Understand/clarify their views
Give the client an opportunity to explore, discover, and
clarify ways of living more satisfyingly and
resourcefully.
Develop life skills
Reach self-determined goals through meaningful well
informed decisions, choices and act on them.
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Self Awareness
Definition
Understanding oneself in terms of values,
beliefs, feelings, strengths attitudes,
prejudices and weakness
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Values Survey
A sense of An exciting life
accomplishment Self-respect
A comfortable life Health
Freedom Affection from
Happiness immediate friends and
Social recognition and family
leadership Inner harmony
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Values, Attitudes and Prejudices
Values: the importance that is attached to a
particular belief, practice, idea or object
Attitudes: a tendency to respond or behave
in certain ways positive or negative
Prejudices: pre-judgments learned through
interactions with communities
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Counselling Skills
Counselling skills are divided into two
categories:
supportive skills
challenging skills
Supportive Skills:
These are skills that communicate warmth,
unconditional positive regard and concern for
clients.
Supportive skills involve the process of
attending: This refers to the counsellor’s 9
ability to pay close attention to the client as
Counselling Skills cont’d
Supportive Skills:
These are skills that communicate warmth,
unconditional positive regard and concern for clients.
Supportive skills involve the process of
attending:
This refers to the counsellor’s ability to pay close
attention to the client as the process of counselling
progresses.
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Counselling Skills…
Listening skill
Questioning skills
Paraphrasing
Empathy
Summarizing
Focusing skill
Encouragers
Working silence
Affirmation
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Structuring/contracting
Challenging skills
These are:
Confrontation
Immediacy
Self disclosure
Concreteness/firmness
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JOHARI WINDOW
The Johari window model is also referred to
as a “disclosure/feedback model of self
awareness” and by some people an
“information processing tool”.
The Johari window actually represents
information-feelings, experience, views,
attitude, skills, intentions and motivation
within or about a person- in relation to their
group, from 4 perspectives.
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JOHARI Window Regions
Open area, open self, free area, free self, or “the
the arena”
What is known by the person about him/herself and also
known by others
Blind area, blind self, or “blind spot”
What is unknown by the person about him/herself but which
others know
Hidden area, hidden self, avoided area, avoided
self or “façade”
What the person knows about him/herself that others do not
know
Unknown area or unknown self
What is unknown by the person about him/herself and is also
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unknown by others
“JOHARI Window Regions”
Marshall Goldsmith offer’s a simple model he
calls ‘The Wheel of Change’ that can help
people to process the variety of options that are
presented when wanting to become a better
version of ourselves.
It illustrates “the interchange of two dimensions
needed to sort out before one becomes the
person he/she wants want to be:
the Positive to Negative axis tracks the elements that
either help individuals to back.
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“The Wheel of Change”…
The ‘Change to Keep’ axis tracks the
elements that determine one’s willingness to
change or keep the change in the future.
Thus, in pursuing any behavioral change we
have four options:
change or keep the positive elements,
change or keep the negative.”
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Insert diagram for Wheels of
Change
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Wheels of change…
Terms
1. Create: Represents the positive elements
that one would want to create in his or her
future – things to add or invent
2. Preserve: Represents the positive elements
that one would want to keep in his or her
future – things to maintain or improve
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Wheels of change cont’d
3. Eliminate: Represents the negative
elements that one would want to eliminate in
his or her future – things to reduce or eradicate
4. Accept: Represents the negative elements
that one needs to accept in his or her future –
things one tries to delay or make peace with
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“Wheel of change”…
The 4 perspectives in the model are very
powerful;
they help offer a realistic – and importantly –
balanced view of behaviour change:
These perspectives help individuals to make choices
on what needs to be removed or what might be
holding them back
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Two common pitfalls in
counselling
Two much self disclosure
Giving advice
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Key points
Counselling helps one to understand their
situation; make informed decisions and choices
that fit their values, feelings and needs.
Counselling skills can be both supportive and
challenging
It is important that providers be aware of their
own values, attitudes and prejudices
Two common pitfalls of TS providers include too
much self-disclosure and giving advice
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