Methods of Analysis PSUT

1
Basic Nodal and
Mesh Analysis
Al-Qaralleh
Methods of Analysis
PSUT Methods of Analysis 2
Introduction
Nodal analysis
Nodal analysis with voltage source
Mesh analysis
Mesh analysis with current source
Nodal and mesh analyses by inspection
Nodal versus mesh analysis
Lect4 EEE 202 3
Steps of Nodal Analysis
1. Choose a reference (ground) node.
2. Assign node voltages to the other nodes.
3. Apply KCL to each node other than the reference
node; express currents in terms of node voltages.
4. Solve the resulting system of linear equations for
the nodal voltages.
PSUT Methods of Analysis 4
Common symbols for indicating a reference node,
(a) common ground, (b) ground, (c) chassis.
Lect4 EEE 202 5
1. Reference Node
The reference node is called the ground node where
V = 0
+

V 500O
500O
1kO
500O
500O
I
1

I
2

Lect4 EEE 202 6
Steps of Nodal Analysis
1. Choose a reference (ground) node.
2. Assign node voltages to the other nodes.
3. Apply KCL to each node other than the reference
node; express currents in terms of node voltages.
4. Solve the resulting system of linear equations for
the nodal voltages.
Lect4 EEE 202 7
2. Node Voltages
V
1
, V
2
, and V
3
are unknowns for which we solve
using KCL
500O
500O
1kO
500O
500O
I
1

I
2

1 2 3
V
1
V
2
V
3

Lect4 EEE 202 8
Steps of Nodal Analysis
1. Choose a reference (ground) node.
2. Assign node voltages to the other nodes.
3. Apply KCL to each node other than the reference
node; express currents in terms of node voltages.
4. Solve the resulting system of linear equations for
the nodal voltages.
Lect4 EEE 202 9
Currents and Node Voltages
500O
V
1

500O
V
1
V
2

O

500
2 1
V V
O 500
1
V
Lect4 EEE 202 10
3. KCL at Node 1
500O
500O
I
1

V
1
V
2

O
+
O

=
500 500
1 2 1
1
V V V
I
Lect4 EEE 202 11
3. KCL at Node 2
500O
1kO
500O
V
2
V
3
V
1

0
500 k 1 500
3 2 2 1 2
=
O

+
O
+
O
V V V V V
Lect4 EEE 202 12
3. KCL at Node 3
2
3 2 3
500 500
I
V V V
=
O
+
O

500O
500O
I
2

V
2
V
3

Lect4 EEE 202 13
Steps of Nodal Analysis
1. Choose a reference (ground) node.
2. Assign node voltages to the other nodes.
3. Apply KCL to each node other than the reference
node; express currents in terms of node voltages.
4. Solve the resulting system of linear equations for
the nodal voltages.
Lect4 EEE 202 14
+

V 500O
500O
1kO
500O
500O
I
1

I
2

4. Summing Circuit Solution
Solution: V = 167I
1
+ 167I
2

PSUT Methods of Analysis 15
Typical circuit for nodal analysis
PSUT Methods of Analysis 16
3 2 2
2 1 2 1
i i I
i i I I
= +
+ + =
R
v v
i
lower higher

=
2 3 3
3
2
3
2 1 2 2
2
2 1
2
1 1 1
1
1
1
or
0
) ( or
or
0
v G i
R
v
i
v v G i
R
v v
i
v G i
R
v
i
=

=
=

=
=

=
PSUT Methods of Analysis 17
3
2
2
2 1
2
2
2 1
1
1
2 1
R
v
R
v v
I
R
v v
R
v
I I
=

+ + =
2 3 2 1 2 2
2 1 2 1 1 2 1
) (
) (
v G v v G I
v v G v G I I
+ =
+ =
(

=
(

+
+

2
2 1
2
1
3 2 2
2 2 1
I
I I
v
v
G G G
G G G
Calculus the node voltage in the circuit shown in
Fig. 3.3(a)

PSUT Methods of Analysis 18
At node 1
PSUT Methods of Analysis 19
2
0
4
5
1 2 1
3 2 1

=
+ =
v v v
i i i
At node 2
PSUT Methods of Analysis 20
6
0
4
5
2 1 2
5 1 4 2

=
+ = +
v v v
i i i i

In matrix form:
PSUT Methods of Analysis 21
(

=
(

(
(
(

+
+
5
5
4
1
6
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
2
1
2
1
v
v
Practice
PSUT Methods of Analysis 22
Determine the voltage at the nodes in Fig. below
PSUT Methods of Analysis 23
At node 1,
PSUT Methods of Analysis 24
2 4
3
3
2 1 3 1
1
v v v v
i i
x

=
+ =
At node 2
PSUT Methods of Analysis 25
4
0
8 2
2 3 2 2 1
3 2

+ =
v v v v v
i i i
x
At node 3
PSUT Methods of Analysis 26
2
) ( 2
8 4
2
2 1 3 2 3 1
2 1
v v v v v v
i i i
x

= +
In matrix form:
PSUT Methods of Analysis 27
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

(
(
(
(
(
(

0
0
3
8
3
8
9
4
3
8
1
8
7
2
1
4
1
2
1
4
3
3
2
1
v
v
v
3.3 Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources
Case 1: The voltage source is connected between a
nonreference node and the reference node: The
nonreference node voltage is equal to the
magnitude of voltage source and the number of
unknown nonreference nodes is reduced by one.
Case 2: The voltage source is connected between
two nonreferenced nodes: a generalized node
(supernode) is formed.
PSUT Methods of Analysis 28
3.3 Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources
5
6
0
8
0
4 2
3 2
3 2 3 1 2 1
3 2 4 1
=

+ = +
v v
v v v v v v
i i i i
PSUT Methods of Analysis 29
A circuit with a supernode.
A supernode is formed by enclosing a (dependent
or independent) voltage source connected between
two nonreference nodes and any elements
connected in parallel with it.
The required two equations for regulating the two
nonreference node voltages are obtained by the
KCL of the supernode and the relationship of node
voltages due to the voltage source.
PSUT Methods of Analysis 30
Example 3.3
For the circuit shown in Fig. 3.9, find the node
voltages.
2
0
4 2
7 2
0 2 1 7 2
2 1
2 1
=
=
=
v v
v v
i i
PSUT Methods of Analysis 31
i1
i2
PSUT Methods of Analysis 32
Find the node voltages in the circuit below.
At suopernode 1-2,
PSUT Methods of Analysis 33
20
2 3
10
6
2 1
1 4 1 2 3
=
+

= +

v v
v v v v v
At supernode 3-4,
PSUT Methods of Analysis 34
) ( 3
4 1 6 3
4 1 4 3
3 4 2 3 4 1
v v v v
v v v v v v
=
+ +

3.4 Mesh Analysis

Mesh analysis: another procedure for analyzing
circuits, applicable to planar circuit.
A Mesh is a loop which does not contain any other
loops within it
PSUT Methods of Analysis 35
PSUT Methods of Analysis 36
(a) A Planar circuit with crossing branches,
(b) The same circuit redrawn with no crossing branches.
PSUT Methods of Analysis 37
A nonplanar circuit.
Steps to Determine Mesh Currents:
1. Assign mesh currents i
1
, i
2
, .., i
n
to the n meshes.
2. Apply KVL to each of the n meshes. Use Ohms law to
express the voltages in terms of the mesh currents.
3. Solve the resulting n simultaneous equations to get the
mesh currents.
PSUT Methods of Analysis 38
Fig. 3.17
PSUT Methods of Analysis 39
A circuit with two meshes.
Apply KVL to each mesh. For mesh 1,


For mesh 2,
PSUT Methods of Analysis 40
1 2 3 1 3 1
2 1 3 1 1 1
) (
0 ) (
V i R i R R
i i R i R V
= +
= + +
2 2 3 2 1 3
1 2 3 2 2 2
) (
0 ) (
V i R R i R
i i R V i R
= + +
= + +
Solve for the mesh currents.



Use i for a mesh current and I for a branch current.
Its evident from Fig. 3.17 that
PSUT Methods of Analysis 41
(

=
(

+
+
2
1
2
1
3 2 3
3 3 1
V
V
i
i
R R R
R R R
2 1 3 2 2 1 1
, , i i I i I i I = = =
Find the branch current I
1
, I
2
, and I
3
using mesh
analysis.
PSUT Methods of Analysis 42
For mesh 1,


For mesh 2,


We can find i
1
and i
2
by substitution method or
Cramers rule. Then,
PSUT Methods of Analysis 43
1 2 3
0 10 ) ( 10 5 15
2 1
2 1 1
=
= + + +
i i
i i i
1 2
0 10 ) ( 10 4 6
2 1
1 2 2 2
=
= + +
i i
i i i i
2 1 3 2 2 1 1
, , i i I i I i I = = =
Use mesh analysis to find the current I
0
in the
circuit.
PSUT Methods of Analysis 44
Apply KVL to each mesh. For mesh 1,


For mesh 2,
PSUT Methods of Analysis 45
12 6 5 11
0 ) ( 12 ) ( 10 24
3 2 1
3 1 2 1
=
= + +
i i i
i i i i
0 2 19 5
0 ) ( 10 ) ( 4 24
3 2 1
1 2 3 2 2
= +
= + +
i i i
i i i i i
For mesh 3,



In matrix from become



we can calculus i
1
, i
2
and i
3
by Cramers rule, and
find I
0
.
PSUT Methods of Analysis 46
0 2
0 ) ( 4 ) ( 12 ) ( 4
, A, node At
0 ) ( 4 ) ( 12 4
3 2 1
2 3 1 3 2 1
2 1 0
2 3 1 3 0
= +
= + +
=
= + +
i i i
i i i i i i
i I I
i i i i I
(
(

=
(
(

(
(

0
0
12
2 1 1
2 19 5
6 5 11
3
2
1
i
i
i
3.5 Mesh Analysis with Current Sources
PSUT Methods of Analysis 47
A circuit with a current source.
Case 1
Current source exist only in one mesh


One mesh variable is reduced
Case 2
Current source exists between two meshes, a super-
mesh is obtained.
PSUT Methods of Analysis 48
A 2
1
= i
a supermesh results when two meshes have a
(dependent , independent) current source in
common.

PSUT Methods of Analysis 49
Properties of a Supermesh
1. The current is not completely ignored
provides the constraint equation necessary to solve for
the mesh current.
2. A supermesh has no current of its own.
3. Several current sources in adjacency form a
bigger supermesh.

PSUT Methods of Analysis 50
For the circuit below, find i
1
to i
4
using mesh
analysis.
PSUT Methods of Analysis 51
If a supermesh consists of two meshes, two
equations are needed; one is obtained using
KVL and Ohms law to the supermesh and the
other is obtained by relation regulated due to the
current source.
6
20 14 6
2 1
2 1
=
= +
i i
i i
PSUT Methods of Analysis 52
Similarly, a supermesh formed from three meshes
needs three equations: one is from the supermesh
and the other two equations are obtained from the
two current sources.
PSUT Methods of Analysis 53
0 10 2 ) ( 8
5
0 6 ) ( 8 4 2
4 4 3
4 3 2
2 1
2 4 3 3 1
= + +
=
=
= + + +
i i i
i i i
i i
i i i i i
PSUT Methods of Analysis 54
3.6 Nodal and Mesh Analysis by
Inspection
PSUT Methods of Analysis 55
(a)For circuits with only resistors and
independent current sources
(b)For planar circuits with only resistors and
independent voltage sources
The analysis equations can be
obtained by direct inspection
the circuit has two nonreference nodes and the
node equations

PSUT Methods of Analysis 56
(

=
(

+
+

= +
+ + =
2
2 1
2
1
3 2 2
2 2 1
2 3 2 1 2 2
2 1 2 1 1 2 1
) 8 . 3 ( ) (
) 7 . 3 ( ) (
I
I I
v
v
G G G
G G G
MATRIX
v G v v G I
v v G v G I I
In general, the node voltage equations in terms of
the conductances is

PSUT Methods of Analysis 57
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

N N NN N N
N
N
i
i
i
v
v
v
G G G
G G G
G G G

2
1
2
1
2 1
2 22 21
1 12 11
or simply

Gv = i
where G : the conductance matrix,
v : the output vector, i : the input vector
The circuit has two nonreference nodes and the
node equations were derived as


PSUT Methods of Analysis 58
(

=
(

+
+
2
1
2
1
3 2 3
3 3 1

v
v
i
i
R R R
R R R
In general, if the circuit has N meshes, the mesh-
current equations as the resistances term is
PSUT Methods of Analysis 59
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

N N NN N N
N
N
v
v
v
i
i
i
R R R
R R R
R R R

2
1
2
1
2 1
2 22 21
1 12 11
or simply

Rv = i
where R : the resistance matrix,
i : the output vector, v : the input vector
Write the node voltage matrix equations
PSUT Methods of Analysis 60
The circuit has 4 nonreference nodes, so


The off-diagonal terms are

PSUT Methods of Analysis 61
625 . 1
1
1
2
1
8
1
, 5 . 0
4
1
8
1
8
1
325 . 1
1
1
8
1
5
1
, 3 . 0
10
1
5
1
44 33
22 11
= + + = = + + =
= + + = = + =
G G
G G
125 . 0 , 1 , 0
125 . 0 , 125 . 0 , 0
1
1
1
, 125 . 0
8
1
, 2 . 0
0 , 2 . 0
5
1
43 42 41
34 32 31
24 23 21
14 13 12
= = =
= = =
= = = = =
= = = =
G G G
G G G
G G G
G G G
The input current vector i in amperes

The node-voltage equations are
PSUT Methods of Analysis 62
6 4 2 , 0 , 3 2 1 , 3
4 3 2 1
= + = = = = = i i i i
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

6
0
3
3

.625 1 0.125 1 0
0.125 .5 0 0.125 0
1 0.125 .325 1 0.2
0 0 0.2 .3 0
4
3
2
1
v
v
v
v
Write the mesh current equations
PSUT Methods of Analysis 63
The input voltage vector v in volts


The mesh-current equations are
PSUT Methods of Analysis 64
6 , 0 , 6 6 12
, 6 4 10 , 4
5 4 3
2 1
= = = + =
= = =
v v v
v v
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(
(
(

6
0
6
6
4

4 3 0 1 0
3 8 0 1 0
0 0 9 4 2
1 1 4 0 1 2
0 0 2 2 9
5
4
3
2
1
i
i
i
i
i
3.7 Nodal Versus Mesh Analysis
Both nodal and mesh analyses provide a systematic
way of analyzing a complex network.
The choice of the better method dictated by two
factors.
First factor : nature of the particular network. The key
is to select the method that results in the smaller
number of equations.
Second factor : information required.
PSUT Methods of Analysis 65
3.10 Summery
1. Nodal analysis: the application of KCL at the
nonreference nodes
A circuit has fewer node equations
2. A supernode: two nonreference nodes
3. Mesh analysis: the application of KVL
A circuit has fewer mesh equations
4. A supermesh: two meshes
PSUT Methods of Analysis 66