APA 7 Edition th

MS. ZOBIA KHAN MR.

KHUBAIB AHMED
APA for Student Papers

 Rules for student papers are slightly different than a professional paper.
This PowerPoint will focus on formatting student papers, including title
page, headings, documentation, in-text citations, and other various
guidelines.
Format Format refers to the layout and arrangement of the paper
Student Paper Option APA style now has two paper formats—a professional paper, for
manuscripts submitted for publication, and a student paper, for class
assignments. APA 6 had one format for both purposes.

Font and Size Font options have been expanded beyond 12-point Times New Roman
to include several other accessible options (e.g., 11-point Calibri and
11-point Arial). Thus, the editors recommend gauging length
requirements by word count rather than number of pages. Significan
Title Page For the student paper, the title page includes course information.
t Changes
Top Header /
Pagination
Only the page number appears in the upper, right-hand corner of each
page. Students no longer need to include a shortened title in the upper
in APA 7
margin of each page opposite the page number; however, a running
head is still part of the professional paper.

Abstract For student papers, current APA guidelines say that an abstract is not
usually necessary unless requested by a professor or school. Students
should check assignment descriptions, rubrics, and syllabi. However,
papers written for publication should contain an abstract
 Significant Changes in APA 7
Format Format refers to the layout and arrangement of the paper
Student Paper Option APA style now has two paper formats—
*a professional paper, for manuscripts submitted for publication, and
*a student paper, for class assignments. APA 6 had one format for both purposes.
Font and Size Font options have been expanded beyond 12-point Times New Roman to include several other
accessible options (e.g., 11-point Calibri and 11-point Arial). Thus, the editors recommend gauging
length requirements by word count rather than number of pages.

Title Page For the student paper, the title page includes course information.
Top Header / Pagination Only the page number appears in the upper, right-hand corner of each page.
Students no longer need to include a shortened title in the upper margin of each page opposite the
page number; however, a running head is still part of the professional paper.

Abstract For student papers, current APA guidelines say that an abstract is not usually necessary unless
requested by a professor or school.
Students should check assignment descriptions, rubrics, and syllabi. However, papers written for
publication should contain an abstract
Cont’d……
Format Format refers to the layout and arrangement of the paper
Tables and Figures Figures should now be labeled with the figure number and title at the top, like tables, rather than at the bottom.
In addition, writers can embed tables and figures within the text of the paper rather than placing them at the end.
Reference Entries The reference list is after the text of the paper and includes all sources that the writer cited (borrowed from) in the paper.
The four main elements listed for each resource are the author, date, title, and source.
Multiple Authors All authors should be listed for a source with 20 or fewer authors. Previously, a writer could stop listing authors when
the number was greater than seven.
Resources from •If a resource does not have a digital object identifier (DOI), electronic access information is no longer necessary.
Most Academic Students should not use the URL from the database or a journal’s homepage. [9.34]
Databases •DOIs should now be presented as hyperlinks in the following form: https://doi.org/xxxxx
In-text Citations Author-date citations are placed within sentences of quoted or paraphrased material to refer the reader to the correct
source on the reference list.

Multiple Authors The in-text citation of any source with three or more authors uses the first author’s name followed by “et al.” and the
date. Previously, writers had to list up to five authors on the first citation and then could use the shortened “et al.” form
thereafter. [8.17 and Table 8.1]
Parenthetical citation: (Doe et al., 2019)
Narrative citation: Doe et al. (2019)

Singular They APA endorses the use of singular “they” in place of using gender-specific pronouns when the gender of a singular
antecedent is unknown. The manual continues to list other workarounds as well. Previously, the APA style required the
pronoun to always agree with the antecedent in the number.
Title Page Format

A title page is required for all APA- Professional Title Page Student Title Page
style papers. There are both
professional and student versions of
the title page.
 Title Page (headers) Title Page (author information)

 New changes for 7th edition for Title Page:

 Below the title, type the author byline: first name,
 Running head is no longer required unless the
middle initial (if applicable), and last name
professor requires one. If the professor requires a
header, then the following information is needed:  If there is more than one author, then list the authors’
 names in order of their contribution (or alphabetical
Include a running head of fewer than 50
order), and separate names with a comma. Use “and”
characters and are left aligned; capitalize
before the last name.
every letter
 The words “Running head:” no longer appear
as a label on the first page Example: Whitney Post, Sam Ruitz, and Matt Henson
 Page numbers are still right-aligned, with the or
title page as number 1
Matt Henson, Whitney Post, and Sam Ruitz
 Professional Title Page

Professional Title Page. The professional title page

(see Figure 2.1) includes
 the following elements:
 title of the paper,
 name of each author of the paper (the byline; see for
determining the order of authorship and for formatting
the byline),
 affiliation for each author,
 author notes,
 running head (also included on all pages; and
 page number.
  Rules for font sizes are more lenient.

APA for  a sans serif font such as 11-point Calibri,

11-point Arial, or 10-point Lucida Sans
Student Unicode or a serif font such as 12-point
Times New Roman, 11-point Georgia, or
Papers normal (10-point)
Student Title Page Format

RUNNING TITLE (BOLD) AUTHOR

HEAD BYLINE
(OPTIONAL)

AFFILIATION DUE DATE

Headings
 Level Format
1 Centered, Bold, Title Case Heading
Text begins as a new paragraph.

2 Flush Left, Bold, Title Case Heading

Text begins as a new paragraph.

3 Flush Left, Bold Italic, Title Case Heading

Level Headings Text begins as a new paragraph.

4 Indented, Bold, Title Case Heading, Ending With a

Period. Text begins on the same line and continues as a regular
paragraph.

5 Indented, Bold Italic, Title Case Heading, Ending With a

Period. Text begins on the same line and continues as a regular
paragraph.

APA 7
Quoting
Quoting
 Quotations must be identical to the original.
 They must match the source document word for word and must be attributed
to the original author.
 Use quotes when the actual words are so integral to the discussion that they
cannot be replaced.
 Use quotes when the author’s words are so precisely and accurately stated that
they cannot be paraphrased.
EX: Stenberg and Lee (2002) agree that teacher learning is an “intellectual and
ongoing process” (p. 327).
Signal Phrases and In-Text Citation
 Signal phrases introduce someone else’s work – they signal that the words and ideas that are
about to be offered belong to someone other than the author of the paper.
 * According to Jones (2013), research reveals….(p.4).
 In-text citations are the parenthetical pieces of information that usually appear at the end of a
quote, paraphrase, or summary (though they sometimes appear before).
 * (Jones, 2013, p. 4)
 A simple rule:
 Author or Title, Year, and Page: what isn’t signaled up front must be cited at the end.
 Limited signal, everything in Blah, blah, blah. . . end of paraphrased sentence, in which you convey
the author's ideas in your own words (Krepp, 1985, p. 103).
citation Blah, blah, blah " end of quoted sentence" (Krepp, 1985, p. 103).

Author and year in signal, page Krepp (1985) reveals that . . . (p. 103).

in citation According to Krepp (1985), ". . ." (p. 103).

Signal Phrases and In-Text Citation (continued)

 Multiple Authors signaled *Studies (Jones, 1966; Krepp, 1985; Smith, 1973)
(Alphabetical) show that….

("Stocks Lose Again," 1991, p. B16).

No Author *According to the news article “Stocks Lose
Again” (1991), the recent accounts of … (p. B16).

Provide other information in signal phrase

No Page Number *According to the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (2014) website,……….

Signal Phrases and In-Text Citation (continued)

  In text:
Oerlemans and Bakker’s (2018) article, “Motivating
Job Characteristics and happiness at Work: A Multilevel
To set off the title of a Perspective,” described . . .
periodical article or book  In the reference list:
chapter when the title is Oerlemans, W. G. M., & Bakker, A. B. (2018).
Motivating job characteristics and happiness at work: A
used in the text or in a multilevel perspective.
copyright attribution (do not
Journal of Applied Psychology, 103(11), 1230–
use quotation marks
1241. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000318
around the article or book  In a copyright attribution:
chapter title in the reference list
Adapted from “Motivating Job Characteristics and
entry) Happiness at Work: A Multilevel Perspective,” by
W. G. M. Oerlemans and A. B. Bakker, 2018, Journal of
Applied Psychology, 103(11), p. 1236 (
https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000318). Copyright 2018 by
the American Psychological Association.
Tables and Figures
 Significant Components of Tables and
Figures
 Format of Abbreviations
1. Plural Forms. To form the plural of most abbreviations and statistical symbols, add a
lowercase “s” alone, without an apostrophe.
Qs DOIs URLs Eds. vols. Ms ps ns Ess
2. Abbreviations Beginning a Sentence. Never begin a sentence with a lowercase abbreviation (e.g., lb).
In running text:
At the beginning of a sentence:
L-methionine
L-Methionine
N, N′-dimethylurea
N, N′-Dimethylurea
 Table Components
1. Number:
 Number all tables that are part of the main text—for example, Table 1, Table 2, and
Table 3.
 Assign the numbers in the order in which each table is first mentioned in the text,
regardless of whether a more detailed discussion of the table occurs elsewhere in the
paper.
 Write the word “Table” and the number in bold and flush left (i.e., not indented or
centered). 2. Title: A brief but clear and explanatory title.
Avoid overly general and overly detailed table titles.
3. Table Headings: organization of information in the
table and identify what is in each column.

4. Body: 5. Notes:
• Table number in bold above the table.
• Brief title, in italics and title case, below
the table number.
• No vertical lines.
• Horizontal lines only where necessary
for clarity.
• Clear, concise labels for column and
row headings.
• Numbers consistently formatted (e.g.
with the same number of decimal
places).
• Any relevant notes below the table.
 Keep the design of figures as
simple as possible. Use colors only
where necessary, not just to make
the image look more appealing.
 For text within the image itself,
APA recommends using a sans serif
font (e.g. Arial) with a size between
8 and 14 points.
 For other figures, such as
photographs, you won’t need a
legend; the figure consists simply
of the image itself, reproduced at
an appropriate size and resolution.
Where to place
tables and figures
You have two options
for the placement of • Option 1: Place tables • Option 2: Place them all
tables and figures in and figures throughout together at the end of
your text, shortly after the your text (after the
APA Style: parts of the text that refer reference list) to avoid
to them. breaking up the text.
• If you place them
throughout the text, note•
If you place all your tables
that each table or figure
and figures at the end,
should only appear once.
you should have one table
If you refer to the same
or figure on each page.
table or figure more than
Begin with all your tables,
once, don’t reproduce it
then place all your figures
each time—just place it
afterwards.
after the paragraph in
which it’s first discussed.
Referring to
tables and • As Table 1 shows, there are 115 boys in
Grade 4, 130 in Grade 5, and 117 in Grade 6
figures in the …
text
• Table 1 indicates a notable preponderance
of boys in Grade 5. It is important to take
this into account because …
• The table below shows…
• Table 1 shows…
• As can be seen in the image on page 4…
• As can be seen in Figure 3…
• The photograph of a bald eagle is an
example of…
• Figure 1 is an example of…
Documentation
Number of Authors
(for a References page)
 Invert all individual authors’ names, providing the surname first, followed by a comma
and the author’s initials.
Example: Author, A. A.
 Use a comma to separate an author’s initials from additional author names, even when
there are only two authors. Use an ampersand (&) before the final author’s name.
Example: Author, A. A., & Author, B. B.
 Provide surnames and initials for up to and including 20 authors. When there are two to
20 authors, use an ampersand before the final author’s name.
Example: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C.
 When there are 21 or more authors, include the first 19 authors’ names, insert an
ellipsis (but no ampersand), and then add the final author’s name.

APA7
In-Text Citations Based on Number of
Authors

 Single Author Example:

 (Richards, 2020)

 Two Authors Example:

 (Richards & Trentham, 2020)

 Three or More Authors Example:

 (Richards et al., 2020)
Unique Authors
 Write the author’s name exactly as it appears on the published work, including hyphenated surnames and
two-part surnames.

Example:
Santos-García, S., & Velasco Rodríguez, M. L.

 Retain the author’s preferred capitalization.

Example:
hooks, b.
van der Waal, P. N.

APA (2020)
Two Authors with the Same Last Name

Ehrlich, P., & Ehrlich, A.

When two authors of the (1998). Betrayal of science
same source share a and reason: How anti-
Reference List Citation:
surname, use first initials environmental rhetoric
with the last names. threatens our future. Island
Press.

If multiple authors within a

single reference share the
same surname, the initials
In-Text Citation: are not needed in the in- (Ehrlich & Ehrlich, 1998)
text citation; cite the work
in the standard author–date
format.
Citing Works With the Same Author and Year

 When multiple references have an identical author (or authors)

and publication year, include a lowercase letter after the year.
These letters are assigned when the references are placed in
order in the reference list.
 The year–letter combination is used in both the in-text citation
and the reference list entry. Use only the year with a letter in the
in-text citation, even if the reference list entry contains a more
specific date.
In-text: (Blondaux & O'Hanrahan, 2018a)

Reference list: Blondaux and O'Hanrahan (2018b)

Web Sources with the Same Author, Same Year,
and Different Day of Post

 Kang, C. (2020a, October 28). Big tech’s chief executives are

becoming regulars on Capitol Hill. New York Times.
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/28/tec hnology/big-techs-
chief-executives-are- becoming-regulars-on-capitol-hill.html
 Kang, C. (2020b, October 22). Top investigator in Google case
says there ‘was not a rush’ to sue. New York Times.
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/22/tec hnology/doj-
google-jeffrey-rosen.html
 In-text citation examples
Parenthetical: (Kang 2020a; Kang 2020b)
Narrative: Kang (2020a)and (2020b)
Organization As Author
 On a page from an organizational or government agency website, the organization or
government agency itself is considered the author, unless otherwise specified. The author of
a webpage or website may also be located on an “about us” or acknowledgments page.
 An abbreviation for the group author can be used in the text (e.g., NIMH for National Institute
of Mental Health); however, do not include an abbreviation for a group author in a reference
list entry.

Correct: National Institute of Mental Health.

Incorrect: National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH).

Incorrect: NIMH.

APA (2020)
 Government Agencies As Author
 When numerous layers of government agencies are listed as the author of a work, use the most specific agency as
the author in the reference (e.g., use “National Institute of Nursing Research” rather than “U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research”). The names of
parent agencies not present in the group author name appear in the source element as the publisher.
Example:

 National Institute of Nursing Research. (2015). A family’s

perspective: Pediatric palliative care stories (NIH
Publication No. 15-NR-8018). U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, National Institutes of
Health. https://www.ninr.nih.gov/sites/files/docs/
NINR_508c_FamilyStories_0.pdf
Parenthetical citation: (National Institute of Nursing Research, 2015)
Narrative citation: National Institute of Nursing Research (2015)
Books
 Print and Electronic Books
Electronic:
 Jackson, L. M. (2019). The psychology of prejudice:
From attitudes to social action (2nd ed.).
American Psychological Association. https://
doi.org/10.1037/0000168-000
Print:
 Sapolsky, R. M. (2017). Behave: The biology of
humans at our best and worst. Penguin Books.

Parenthetical citations: (Jackson, 2019)

(Sapolsky, 2017)
Narrative citations:
From the research of Jackson (2019) and Sapolsky (2017), a clear percentage of …………..

APA (2020)
 Children’s Book with
Illustrator Different Than
Author

 Crimi, C. (2019). Weird little robots (C. Luyken, Illus.).

Candlewick Press.
 Pitman, G. E. (2016). This day in June (K. Litten, Illus.).
Magination Press.
 Slater, D. (2017). The antlered ship (T. Fan & E. Fan,
Illus.).
Beach Lane Books.

Parenthetical citations: (Crimi, 2019)

(Pitman, 2016)
(Slater, 2017)
Narrative citations:
The research conducted by Crimi (2019), Pitman (2016), and
Slater (2017) revealed……………

APA (2020)
Edited Books
 Whole Edited Book
Print:
 Kesharwani, P. (Ed.). (2020). Nanotechnology based
approaches for tuberculosis treatment. Academic
Press.

Electronic:
 Torino, G. C., Rivera, D. P., Capodilupo, C. M., Nadal,
K. L., & Sue, D. W. (Eds.). (2019). Microaggression
theory: Influence and implications. John Wiley &
Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119466642

Parenthetical citations: (Kesharwani, 2020)

(Torino et al., 2019)
Narrative citations:
According to Kesharwani (2020) and Torino et al. (2019), research reveals …………………….
APA (2020 )
 Several Volumes of a Multi-Volume Work
 Harris, K. R., Graham, S., & Urdan T. (Eds.). (2012). APA
educational psychology handbook (Vols. 1–3).
American Psychological Association.

Parenthetical citation: (Harris et al., 2012)

Narrative citation: Harris et al. (2012) declare that the ………………………………………………….

APA
(2020)
Chapter in an Edited Book
 Aron, L., Botella, M., & Lubart, T. (2019). Culinary arts:
Talent and their development. In R. F. Subotnik,
P. Olszewski-Kubilius, & F. C. Worrell (Eds.), The
psychology of high performance: Developing
human potential into domain-specific
talent (pp. 345–359). American Psychological
Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/
0000120-016
 Dillard, J. P. (2020). Currents in the study of
persuasion. In M. B. Oliver, A. A. Raney, & J.
Bryant (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory
and research (4th ed., pp. 115–129). Routledge.

Parenthetical citations: (Aron et al., 2019)

(Aron et al., 2019; Dillard, 2020)
Narrative citations: Aron et al. (2019) and Dillard (2020)

APA (2020)
Journals
Journal Article
 Grady, J. S., Her, M., Moreno, G., Perez, C., & Yelinek, J.
(2019). Emotions in storybooks: A comparison of
storybooks that represent ethnic and racial groups
in the United States. Psychology of Popular Media
Culture, 8(3), 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1037/
ppm0000185

Parenthetical citation: (Grady et al., 2019)

Narrative citation: Grady et al. (2019)

APA (2020)
Journal Article with an Article Number
 Jerrentrup, A., Mueller, T., Glowalla, U., Herder, M.,
Henrichs, N., Neubauer, A., & Schaefer, J. R. (2018).
Teaching medicine with the help of “Dr. House.”
PLoS ONE, 13(3), Article e0193972. https://doi.org/
10.1371/journal.pone.0193972

Parenthetical citation: (Jerrentrup et al., 2018)

Narrative citation: Jerrentrup et al. (2018)

APA (2020)
Journal Article with Missing Page or Article Number

 Butler, J. (2017). Where access meets multimodality: The

case of ASL music videos. Kairos: A Journal of
Rhetoric, Technology, and Pedagogy, 21(1).
http://technorhetoric.net/21.1/topoi/butler/index
.html

Parenthetical citations: (Butler, 2017)

Narrative citations: Butler (2017)

APA (2020)
Online-Only Supplemental Material to a Journal
Article

 Freeberg, T. M. (2019). From simple rules of individual

proximity, complex and coordinated collective
movement [Supplemental material]. Journal of
Comparative Psychology, 133(2), 141–142. https://
doi.org/10.1037/com0000181

Parenthetical citation: (Freeberg, 2019)

Narrative citation: Freeberg (2019)

APA (2020)
Secondary Sources
Information for Documenting Secondary
Sources
A secondary source refers to content first reported in another source.
Cite secondary sources sparingly—for instance, when the original work is out of print or unavailable.
If possible, as a matter of good scholarly practice, find the primary source, read it, and cite it directly rather than
citing a secondary source.
In the reference list, provide an entry for the secondary source that you used.
In the text, identify the primary source and write “as cited in” the secondary source that you used.
If the year of publication of the primary source is known, also include it in the text citation.

(Rabbitt, 1982, as cited in Lyon et al., 2014)

If the year of the primary source is unknown, omit it from the in-text citation.
Allport’s diary (as cited in Nicholson, 2003)
Newspapers
Newspaper Articles
 Carey, B. (2019, March 22). Can we get better at
forgetting? The New York Times. https://www.
nytimes.com/2019/03/22/health/memory-forgetting-
psychology.html
 Harlan, C. (2013, April 2). North Korea vows to restart
shuttered nuclear reactor that can make bomb-
grade plutonium. The Washington Post, A1, A4.
 Stobbe, M. (2020, January 8). Cancer death rate in U.S.
sees largest one-year drop ever. Chicago Tribune.

Parenthetical citations: (Carey, 2019)

(Carey, 2019; Harlan, 2013; Stobbe, 2020)
Narrative citations:
Carey (2019), Harlan (2013), and Stobbe (2020)

APA (2020)
Websites
 Information Needed to Document Websites
 For a page from an organization’s website without individual authors, use the name of the organization as the
author.
 Provide as specific a date as possible for the webpage.
 Some online works note when the work was last updated. If this date is clearly attributable to the specific
content you are citing rather than the overall website, use the updated date in the reference.
 Do not include a date of last review in a reference because content that has been reviewed has not
necessarily been changed. If a date of last review is noted on a work, ignore it for the purposes of the
reference.
 Italicize the title of the webpage.
 If the author of the webpage and the site name are the same, omit the site name from the source element to
avoid repetition.
 End the reference with the URL.

APA (2020)
 Webpage on a Website
 Bologna, C. (2019, October 31). Why some people with
anxiety love watching horror movies. HuffPost.
https://www.huffpost.com/entry/anxiety-love-
watching-horror-movies_l_
5d277587e4b02a5a5d57b59e
 Woodyatt, A. (2019, September 10). Daytime naps once
or twice a week may be linked to a healthy heart,
researchers say. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2019/
09/10/health/nap-heart-health-wellness-intl-scli/
index.html

 Parenthetical citations: (Bologna, 2019; Woodyatt, 2019)

 Narrative citations: Bologna (2019) and Woodyatt (2019)

APA (2020)
Webpage on a Website with an Organizational
Group As Author

 World Health Organization. (2018, May 24). The top 10

causes of death. https://www.who.int/news-room/

fact-
sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death

 Parenthetical citations: (World Health Organization, 2018)

 Narrative citations: World Health Organization (2018)

APA (2020)
Webpage on a Website with an Individual
Author

 Giovanetti, F. (2019, November 16). Why we are so

obsessed with personality types. Medium.
https://medium.com/the-business-of-wellness/why-
we-are-so-obsessed-with-personality-types-
577450f9aee9

 Parenthetical citation: (Giovanetti, 2019)

 Narrative citation: Giovanetti (2019)

APA (2020)
Referencing a Whole Website

 Do not create references or in-text citations for whole websites.

 To mention a website in general, and not any particular
information on that site, provide the name of the website in the
text and include the URL in parentheses. For example, you might
mention that you used a website to create a survey.
Example:
We created our survey using Qualtrics (https://www.qualtrics.com).

APA (2020)
Dissertations and Theses
Information for Documenting a Dissertation or Thesis

 A dissertation or thesis is considered published when it is available from a database such as ProQuest Dissertations
and Theses Global or PDQT Open, an institutional repository, or an archive.
 Include the description “Doctoral dissertation” or “Master’s thesis” followed by a comma and the name of the
institution that awarded the degree. Place this information in square brackets after the dissertation or thesis title and
any publication number.
 In the source element of the reference, provide the name of the database, repository, or archive.
 Include a URL for the dissertation or thesis if the URL will resolve for readers (as shown in the Miranda and
Zambrano-Vazquez examples).
 If the database or archive requires users to log in before viewing the dissertation or thesis, meaning the URL will
not work for readers, end the reference with the database name (as in the Kabir example).

APA (2020)
  Kabir, J. M. (2016). Factors influencing customer
satisfaction at a fast food hamburger chain: The
relationship between customer satisfaction and customer
loyalty (Publication No. 10169573) [Doctoral dissertation,
Wilmington University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
Global.
 Miranda, C. (2019). Exploring the lived experiences of foster
youth who obtained graduate level degrees: Self-
efficacy, resilience, and the impact on identity
Dissertation or development (Publication No. 27542827) [Doctoral

Thesis dissertation, Pepperdine University]. PQDT Open. https://

pqdtopen.proquest.com/doc/2309521814.html?FMT=AI
 Zambrano-Vazquez, L. (2016). The interaction of state and trait worry
on response monitoring in those with worry and obsessive-
compulsive symptoms [Doctoral dissertation, University of Arizona].
UA Campus Repository. https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/
10150/620615

 Parenthetical citations: (Kabir, 2016; Miranda, 2019; Zambrano-Vazquez, 2016)

 Narrative citations: Kabir (2016), Miranda (2019), and Zambrano-Vazquez (2016 )

APA (2020)
Personal
Communication/Interview
 Information for Documenting an Interview

Any communication that cannot be directly retrieved by a reader is

considered “personal communication.” Emails, phone conversations,
interviews, text messages, and social media messages are all
examples of personal communication. You do not include personal
communication in your reference list; instead, parenthetically cite
the communicator's name, the phrase "personal communication,"
and the date of the communication in your main text only.

(E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2019).